IP Addressing

IP Address

 IP Address is a Logical Address

 It is a Network Layer address(Layer

3)

Two Version of IP
 IP version 4 (IPv4) is a 32 bit
address.
 IP version 6 (IPv6) is a 128 bit
address.
  IP Version 4

 Bit is represent by 0 or 1 (i.e. binary)

 IP address in binary from (32 bit):
• 01010101000001011011111100000001
 32 bits are divided into 4 octets:
• First octet : 01010101
• Second octet : 00000101
• Third octet : 10111111
• Forth octet : 00000001
 IP address in decimal form :
• [Link]
 IPv4 address range

Taking Example for First Octet :

Total 8 bits, value will be 0’s and 1’s
i.e. = 256 combination

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 Total IP Address Range
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 [Link]
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 to
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4 [Link]

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
 Binary to Decimal

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Answer

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 10

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 168

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 172

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 16
 Decimal to Binary

Decima 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
l
18 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

152 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

200 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

15 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

240 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
 IP Address Classification

IP address are divided into 5 Classes

CLASS A
CLASS B Used in LAN & WAN
CLASS C

CLASS Reserved
D for Multicasting

CLASS Reserved
E for Research & Development
 priority Bit

 Priority Bit is used for IP Address classification.

 Most significant bit(s) from the first octet are selected for priority bit(s)
• Class A priority bit is 0
• Class B priority bits are 10
• Class C priority bits are 110
• Class D priority bits are 1110
• Class E priority bits are 1111
 Class A Range

• In class A : first bit of the first octet is reserved as priority bit,

bit value is zero.
0xxxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = CLASS
0 A RANGE
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 [Link]
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 TO
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 =[Link]
3
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 127
 Class B Range

• In class B : first two bit of the first octet is reserved as priority

bit, bit value as 10.
10xxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
CLASS B RANGE
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 129128.0.0.0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 130 TO
[Link]
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 131
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 132

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 191
 Class C Range

• In class C : first three bit of the first octet is reserved as priority

bit, bit value as 110.
110xxxxx . Xxxxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192CLASS C RANGE
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 193 [Link]
TO
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 194
[Link]
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 195
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 196

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 = 223
 Class D Range

• In class D : first four bit of the first octet is reserved as priority

bit, bit value as 1110.
1110xxxx . Xxxxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
CLASS D RANGE
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 225224.0.0.0
TO
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 = 226
[Link]
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 = 227
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 228

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 = 239
 Class E Range

• In class E : first four bit of the first octet is reserved as priority

bit, bit value as 1111.
1111xxxx . Xxxxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx . Xxxxxxxx

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
CLASS E RANGE
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 = 241240.0.0.0
TO
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 242
[Link]
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 = 243
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 = 244

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
 Ranges

CLASS A RANGE CLASS B RANGE CLASS C RANGE

[Link] [Link] [Link]
TO TO TO
[Link] [Link] [Link]

CLASS D RANGE CLASS E RANGE

[Link] [Link]
TO TO
[Link] [Link]
 Identifying Class

IP Address Class

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
 Octet Format

• IP address is divided into network & Host Portion

1. CLASS A is written as N.H.H.H

2. CLASS B is written as N.N.H.H
3. CLASS C is written as N.N.N.H
 CLASS A – No. Network & Hosts

• Class A Octet Format is N.H.H.H

Network bits : 8 Host bits : 24
• No. of networks
• No
2 of network bits – priority bit
• 28-1
(-1 is priority bit for class A)

• 128-2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 network)

• 126 networks
• No of. Host
• No
2 of host bits
-2
• 224(-2
-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
• 16777216-2
• 16777214 Hosts / Network
 CLASS B – No. Network & Hosts

• Class B Octet Format is N.N.H.H

Network bits : 16 Host bits : 16
• No. of networks
• No
2 of network bits – priority bit
• 216-2
(-2 is priority bit for class B)

• 16384 networks
• No of. Host
• No
2
of host bits
-2
1
• 26(-2
-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
• 65536-2
• 65534 Hosts / Network
 CLASS C – No. Network & Hosts

• Class C Octet Format is N.N.N.H

Network bits : 24 Host bits : 8
• No. of networks
• No
2 of network bits – priority bit
24-3
• 2(-3 is priority bit for class C)

• 2097152 networks
• No of. Host
• No
2
of host bits
-2
8
-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
• 2 (-2
• 256-2
• 254 Hosts / Network
 Network & Broadcast Address

 Network address: IP address with all bits as ZERO in the host

portion.
 Broadcast address: IP address with all bits as ONES in the
host portion.
 Valid IP address lie between the network address and the
broadcast address
 Only valid IP address assigned to hosts/clients.
 Example – Class A

• Class A: N.H.H.H
• Network Address : 0xxxxxxx.00000000.00000000.00000000
• Broadcast Address : 0xxxxxxx.11111111.11111111.11111111

Class A
[Link]
Network Address
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Valid IP Address

[Link]
[Link] Broadcast
Address
 Example – Class B

• Class B: N.N.H.H
• Network Address : [Link].00000000.00000000
• Broadcast Address : [Link].11111111.11111111

Class B
[Link] Network
Address
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] Valid IP
Address

[Link]
[Link] Broadcast
Address
 Example – Class C

• Class C: N.N.N.H
• Network Address : [Link].00000000
• Broadcast Address : [Link].11111111

Class C
[Link]
Network Address
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Valid IP Address

[Link]
[Link]
Broadcast Address
Identifying Network Address Broadcast Address

Network Address and Broadcast

IP Address
Address
[Link] [Link] and [Link]

[Link] [Link] and [Link]

[Link] [Link] and [Link]

[Link] [Link] and [Link]

[Link] [Link] and [Link]

Identifying Valid IP Address

IP Address Valid Address

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
 Subnet Mask

• Subnet Mask differentiates the Network and Host portion of an

IP Address

• Represented with all 1’s in the network portion and with all 0’s

in the host portion.

 Subnet Mask – Examples

• Class A: N.H.H.H
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class A is [Link]
Class B: N.N.H.H
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class B is [Link]

• Class C: N.N.N.H
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class C is [Link]
 Default subnet mask

IP Address Default subnet mask Address

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
 How Subnet Mask Work ?

IP Address : [Link]
Subnet Mask : [Link]

ANDING PROCESS :
[Link] =11000000.10101000.00000001.000000001
[Link] =11111111.11111111.11111111.000000000
=======================================
=================
[Link] =11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
=======================================
=================
• The output of an AND table is 1 if both its inputs are 1.
• For all other possible inputs the outputs is 0.
 Private IP Address

• There are certain addresses in each class of IP address that are

reserved for private Networks. These addresses are called
private addresses.
• These addresses are not Routable (or) valid on internet.
Class A
[Link] to [Link]

Class B
[Link] to [Link]

Class C
[Link] to [Link]
 Public IP Address v/s Private IP address

Public IP Address Private IP address

• Used on the internet • Use within the organization

• (i.e. public network) • (i.e. Private network or LAN)
• It should be unique over the • It should be unique within the
internet. LAN or organization
• Assigned by the internet • Assigned by Network
service provider. Administrator.
• Need to purchased from • FREE
internet service provider.
IPv6
 IPv6 Addresses

• IPv6 is 128 bit Address

• It is represented as 32 hexadecimal number arranged in 8
quartets of 4 hexadecimal digit separated by a colon “:”
First Second Third Fourth Fifth Six Seven Eight
quartet quartet quartet quartet quartet quartet quartet quartet

• XXXX : XXXX : XXXX : XXXX : XXXX : XXXX : XXXX : XXXX

• IPv6 address in Hexadecimal From :
o i.e. [Link]
• Not case sensitive for A,B,C,D,E and F.
 Binary to Hexadecimal Table

• 4Bit = 1 hex digit

Binary Binary
Hexa- Hexa-
Decima Deci
Decima Decima
8 4 2 1 l
l 8 4 2 1 mal l

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 9 9
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 10 A
0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 1 1 11 B
0 0 1 1 3 3 1 1 0 0 12 C
0 1 0 0 4 4 1 1 0 1 13 D
0 1 0 1 5 5 1 1 1 0 14 E
0 1 1 0 6 6 1 1 1 1 15 F
0 1 1 1 7 7
1 0 0 0 8 8
 Binary to Hexadecimal

Binary Hexa-
decima
l
1 1 1 1 F

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 DB

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 B1A

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 BABA

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 CAFÉ

1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 FACE

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 C3D5
 Hexadecimal to Binary

Hexa- Binary
decim
al
E 1 1 1 0

9 1 0 0 1

2F 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

4FD 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1

01E8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

2001 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

FE80 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Rules for representing of IPv6 Add

• Omission of ZEROs
• Leading zero in any quartet can be omitted
• Four successive zeros in a quartet can be substituted by
one zero.
• Replacing successive Fields of Zeros with “::”
• Multiple quartet with zero can be represented as :: but
only once in a address
 Omission of ZERO’s

IPv6 address IPv6 address after Omission of ZERO’s

[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
 Replacing successive Fields of Zero
IPv6 address IPv6 address after replacing successive
Fields of ZERO’s with “::”

[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
[Link]l::2F

[Link]
3FFF::5D:0:9CE

[Link] 2001::FACE:B00C:0:0:69

[Link] [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
 Special Addresses (Ipv4 – IPv6)
IPv6 IPv4

Unique Local Fc00::/7 Private IP [Link]/8

address [Link] to172.31.255.255
[Link]
to192.168.255.255
Global unicast 2000::/3 Public IP Other than
address Private IP addresses
Link local FE80::/10 APIPA 169.254.x.x

multicast FF00::/8 Multicast [Link] to [Link]

Loopback [Link]/128 Loopback [Link]/8

Default [Link] Default [Link]

Understanding IPv4
Same network
communication
 IPv4 same network communication

Switch Switch

PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6

compute IP address/ mask compute IP address/ mask

r r
PC-1 [Link]/24 PC-4 [Link]/24
PC-2 [Link]/24 PC-5 [Link]/24
PC-3 [Link]/24 PC-6 [Link]/24
Assigning IPv4 Address on Windows Computer

 On windows 7 or windows 8.x or windows

10 computer
• Open network and sharing center
• Click on change adapter setting and click
open.
• Right-click on your local adapter and select
properties
• In the local area connection properties
window select internet protocol version 4
(tcp/IPv4) then click the properties
button.
• Now select the redio button use the
following IP address and enter in the IP
address and subnet mask and click ok.
Verify IPv4 Address on windows

C:\>ipconfig
Windows ip configuration
Ethernet adapter ethernet:
connection-specific DNS suffix :
ip address……………………….:
[Link]
subnet mask……………………:
[Link]
Default gateway………………...:
[Link]
C:\>
 Verify Ipv4 Address on Linux Com

Bt ~ # ifconfig
Eth0 link encap:ethernet hwaddr [Link]
Inet addr:[Link] bcast:[Link] mask: [Link]
Up broadcast running multicast mtu: 1500 metric:1
RX packets: 171979 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame: 0
TX packets: 341932 errors: 0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier: 0
Collisions: 0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:12370727(11.7 mib)TX bytes:463457462(441.9 mib)
Interrupt:20 base address:0xe800

Io link encap:local Loopback

Inet addr:127.0.01 mask:[Link]
UP loopback running mtu:16436 metric:1
RX packets:18 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame: 0
TX packets:18 errors: 0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier: 0
RX bytes:1796(1.7 kib)TX bytes:1796(1.7 kib)
 Ping

• Packet internet groper

• Ping is a computer network administration utility used to test the
reachability of a host on an internet protocol(IP)network.

For IPv4 network Foe IPv6 network

• Windows • Windows
Ping [Link] Ping [Link]

• Linux • Linux
Ping [Link] Ping6 [Link]
PING
 Traceroute

• Traceroute is a computer network diagnostic utility used to view the

route (path) of packets across an internet protocol (ip)network.

For IPv4 network Foe IPv6 network

• Windows • Windows
tracert [Link] tracert [Link]

• Linux • Linux
traceroute traceroute6
[Link] [Link]
Traceroute
 How to set IP address (2 types)

 Dynamic :- Automatic IP Set

 Depend On DHCP Server
 DHCP provide IP address, gateway, subnet, DNS, WINS server
(Device name to IP).
• If DHCP IP not a set then APIPA will be set automatically.
• If DHCP and APIPA both are not set Then IP is set by user statically.
APIPA Address(Automatic Private IP Addressing )

 Automatic Private IP Addressing is a feature of Windows-based OS.

 Automatically assign itself an Internet Protocol (IP) address if a DHCP server
is not available.
 Automatic Private IP Addressing is enabled by default.
• Range – [Link] to [Link]
 With APIPA , client machines can automatically self configure an IP
address.
• Example :- HOME
 now !

• Thanks for attending the session !