EFFECT OF FORCES
IGCSE
Syllabus
Break up
LESSON OBJECTIVE
• To recall Force, its types and effects………(1)
• Hooke’s law and recall and use the expression F= kx.
Recognize the significance of the term ‘limit of proportionality for
an extension-load graph.
SUCCESS CRITERIA
All: are able to state Hooke’s law and its applications
Most: are able to state that force is proportional to extension
and draw the F Vs x graph
Some: are able to calculate the size of a force acting on a spring
when an object is hanging on it.
STARTER
Identify the types
of forces acting on
each of these
examples
STARTER
There is a force applying on the book by the desk,
which is equal to the gravity force pulling it
downwards. The force exerted by the table is
known as the normal force.
MINI-PLENERY
• Define Force
• State it SI Unit
• Name the 3 non contact forces.
• Write the equation for Force relating mass and acceleration.
• Sort the phrases into things that increase friction or drag, or things that
reduce friction or drag.
[moving in liquid,lubrication,small cross-section,moving slow,moving
fast, streamlined shape,smooth surfaces,large cross-section,non-
streamlined shape,rough surfaces]
SI Unit- Newton(N)
Increase Reduce
moving in liquid lubrication
small cross-
section
moving fast smooth surfaces
rough surfaces streamlined
shape
large cross- moving slow
section
non-streamlined small cross-
section
Task
1. Identify & name the forces acting in the given situation.
2. Use diagrams to represent the forces
60N
Development
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Watch video and answer questions:
- What is deforming force?
- Differentiate between elastic & plastic deformation
- Give examples for both
LESSON OBJECTIVE
• To understand Hooke’s law and use the expression F= kx.
• Recognize the significance of the term ‘limit of proportionality for
an extension-load graph….(2)
Spring Force & Hooke’s Law
Lets investigate
Hooke’s law
• Hooke discovered that the amount a spring stretches is proportional to the amount of
force applied to it. This means if you double the force its extension will double, if you triple
the force the extension will triple and so on.
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The elastic limit can be seen on the
graph.
This is where it stops obeying Hookes
law.
The limit of proportionality is the point
beyond which
Hooke’s law is no longer true when stretching a
material.
• The elastic limit is the point beyond which the
material you are stretching becomes
permanently stretched so that the material
does not return to its original length when the
force is removed.
Hooke’s law
Hooke’s Law:
• The Extension of an object is proportional to the load
producing it, provided that the limit of proportionality is
not exceeded.
‘Proportional’ means that if the force is doubled then the
extension also doubles.
The line on a graph of force against extension will be a
straight AND go through the origin.
You can write Hooke's law as
an equation:
F=ke
Where:
• F is the applied force (in newtons, N),
• e is the extension (in metres, m) and
• k is the spring constant (in N/m).
• The extension e is sometimes written ∆x (delta-x) or ∆l. You find
the extension from:
• e = stretched length – original length.
Hooke's Law: The compression or elongation x of an
___________
equilibrium
ideal spring from its ________________ position (x = 0) Fs = kx
directly proportional
is ____________________________to the applied force Fs.
• When a material obeys Hooke’s Law, the force
is proportional to the extension of the material.
Force Extension
F x
• This leads to the equation:
F = kx
• Where k is a measure of the stiffness of the
sample – the gradient of a force – extension
graph.
Ex. A weight of 8.7 N is attached to a spring that
has a spring constant of 190 N/m. How much
will the spring stretch?
w/o weight w/ weight
Given:
Fs = 8.7 N
k= 190 N/m
x
Unknown:
8.7
x =? N
Equation:
Fs = kx
8.7 N = (190 N/m) x
x = 4.6 x 10-2 m
Fs = kx Fs
direct
Ex: A force of 5.0 N
causes the spring to
stretch 10
0.015 m.
How far will it stretch
if the force is 10 N? 5
2 (0.015 m)
= 0.030 m
.015 ? x
What quantity does the slope represent?
slope = Dy/Dx Compare to Fs = kx
=
Solve for Fs/x = k
Fs/x
the spring constant, k.
The slope represents _______________________________
Ex. Comparing
Fs spring
two springs that
B
stretch different
amounts.
spring
A
Applying the same
force F to both springs
Which spring stretches more? A x
Which is stiffer? B xB xA
greater
stiffer spring _________ slope _________
larger
k
Real life application: Elastic behaviour
– Car Safety
• Elastic behaviour is very • Why have seat belts that are
important in car safety, as car elastic?
seatbelts are made from • Why not just have very rigid
elastic materials. However, seatbelts that would keep you
after a crash they must be firmly in place?
replaced as they will go past • The reason for this, is that it
their elastic limit. would be very dangerous and
cause large injuries. This is
because it would slow your body
down too quickly. The quicker a
collision, the bigger the force that
is produced.
TRY TO ANSWER THESE
• 1) State Hooke’s Law
• 2)
3)
FA
1) What will be the extension of this spring if the load is a) 4N and b)0.075kg? The spring
constant is 10N/m.
2)
• 3)
Ans
• 1) a) F = kx
x = F/k=4/10= 0.4m
b) F= mg= 0.075x 10 = 0.75N
x = F/k=0.75/10= 0.075m
2) D
3) D
write down your findings
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
• What causes the • What happens if the • What is limit of
spring to stretch and added loads are proportionality?
• What happens if the
why the spring regain removed one by one
spring goes beyond its
its shape when from the spring? limit of proportionality?
forces are removed? • What is Spring • A spring extends by 10
• How to find out the Constant? cm when a mass of 100
extension? • Identify the relation g is attached to it. What
• What Force would be between Load and is the spring constant?
needed to extend a spring (Calculate your answer
extension?
0.3 m with a spring in N/m)
• What will be the extension
constant k=5? of spring having spring
constant 5 N/cm and if the
load is 4N
PLENERY
Textbook questions: Pg 91- eg 5.1
Pg 92- q3,4,5
Pg 97-1,2,3
LESSON-2
Lesson Objective
• Recall Newton’s laws of Motion and use it for calculation of
resultant force.
• Describe qualitatively motion in a circular path due to a
perpendicular force.
Starter- State the difference between the motions of
objects shown below
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
SPEED- ?
VELOCITY- ?
Speed –same
Direction – changes
Hence, velocity –changes
Centripetal force acts perpendicular
to direction of motion
Centripetal
force
• Velocity is a vector quantity, and the velocity of an object is
its speed in a given direction
• When an object travels along a circular path, its velocity is
always changing
• The speed of the object moving in a circle might be constant - that
is, it is travelling the same distance every second
• However, the direction of travel is always changing as the object
moves along the circular path
• This means that an object moving in circular motion travels
at a constant speed but has a changing velocity
If you have understood centripetal
forces , can you come up with factors
that affects it?
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hysics/Resultant_Forces_lr1240825yr
IGCSE
Syllabus
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