Energy
Energy
Energy is the the ability or capacity to do
work.
Remember, matter is anything that has mass
and takes up space.
All matter contains some form of energy
because all matter can do work or cause
change. Energy in its various forms is
necessary for all sorts of change. So…
Another way of defining energy is the ability
to cause change!
Conservation of Energy Law
Energy is neither created or destroyed, it is
only transferred.
Energy can be classified as potential or
kinetic
Potential energy: energy of position or stored
energy
The boulder has
more gravitational
potential energy
when measured
from point A
compared to B.
PE = mgh OR PE= wh
m = mass in kilograms
g = acceleration due to gravity
(9.8 m/s2)
h = height in meters
w= weight in Newton
Potential Energy is measured in
kg • m/s2 • m =
Newton meter =
Joules
Gravitational Potential Energy
Question:
How much potential energy does a 10kg mass have
relative to the ground if it is 5 meter above the
ground?
Which equation would you use?
PE = Weight height
PE = m g h
Example 1:
If the boulder has
a mass of 8kg, and
8kg
distance B is 10m,
10m what is the
potential energy
of the boulder
relative to the
plateau?
Answer:
PE = mgh
8kg
= 8kg • 10m/s2 • 10m
=800 J
10m
Example 2:
If distance A is
20m, what is the
8kg
potential energy
of the boulder
20m relative to the
bottom?
Answer:
PE = mgh
= 8kg • 10m/s2 • 20m
8kg
= 1600 J
20m
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
KE = ½ mv2
KE = 1/2mv2
m = mass in kilograms
v = velocity in meters/sec
Kinetic energy is measured in
kg m/s2 • m =
newton meter =
Joules
Example
The bird has a mass of 2 kg. It is flying
at a speed of 5 m/s. Find its kinetic
energy.
KE = ½ mv2
= ½ • 2kg • (5m/s)2
= 1kg • 25 m2/s2
= 25 joules
Kinetic Energy
Question: How much kinetic energy
does a 1kg mass have if it is moving at
10 meters/second?
1 2
KE mv
2
Kinetic and potential energy
conversions
Describe the energy
conversions in this picture:
At the top: All PE, no KE
¼ of the way down: 3/4 PE, 1/4 KE
½ way down: 1/2 PE, 1/2 KE
¾ down 1/4 PE, 3/4 KE
At the bottom: No PE, All KE
Is the sum of KE + PE a
Yes! It’s always
constant? 10,000 J in this case.
Where are PE and KE maximums in
this picture of a Pendulum?
Kinetic and potential energy convert to
one another
PE max
PE max
no KE no KE
KE max KE max
no PE no PE
Forms of Energy
The five main forms of
energy are:
Mechanical
Heat
Chemical
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
Mechanical Energy
Energy of Motion
Two Types of Mechanical
Energy
Potential Energy and
Kinetic Energy
Example:
When you kick a football,
you give mechanical
energy to the football to
make it move.
Heat Energy
The internal motion of particles with in
matter.
Speed of molecules depends on temperature
Speed of molecules = temperature
Chemical Energy
The energy that is released when bonds
holding one atom to another are broken or
joined by sharing or transferring outer
shell (or valence) electrons
Chemical Energy
Fuel and food
are forms of
stored chemical
energy.
Electromagnetic Energy
Emitted by accelerated electrical charge
Frequency = number of waves
Wavelength = how long a wave is
High Frequency Low Frequency
Short wavelength Long wavelength
Electromagnetic Energy
Light is a form of
electromagnetic energy.
Each color of light (Roy G Biv)
represents a different amount of
electromagnetic energy.
Nuclear Energy
The nucleus of an atom
is the source of nuclear
energy.
When the bonds holding
a nucleus together are
broken or created
nuclear energy is
released in the form of
heat and light energy.
Nuclear Energy
Fission:
When the nucleus splits,
nuclear energy is
released in the form of
heat energy and light
energy.
Nuclear energy is the
most concentrated form
of energy.
Nuclear Energy
Fusion
When nuclei collide at high
speeds and join (fuse).
The sun’s energy is produced
from a nuclear fusion
reaction in which hydrogen
nuclei fuse to form helium
nuclei.
Not done by man in a
controlled way
Work/Energy Relationship
If you want to move something, you have
to do work.
The work done is equal to the change in
kinetic energy.
Work = KE
Force
40 N
Distance
10 m
Work
Force acting through a distance
W=F*d
= 40 N * 10 m = 400 Joules
The Unit of Work is
the Joule (or N-m)
Work
Force must be in same direction as distance
There is no work
Force being done on the
farmer
Distance
Work Since work is a force moving over a distance …..
Work IS done on an object when: Work IS NOT done on an object when:
The force acts on it in the direction of motion there is no motion.
Or when the force is applied
perpendicular to the motion.
Or the force has a component in the
direction of motion
Power Power is the amount of Work done per unit time
Work done
Power =
Time interval
It’s the RATE of doing Work
or, the RATE of burning Energy
The Unit of Power is the “Watt” (or Joules/sec)
A 100 kW engine will do 100 thousand Joules of Work every second!
100 kW = 134 Horsepower (the English units for Power)
A 60 W light bulb burns 60 Joules of energy every second.
400 J/1 sec = 400 watts 400 J/5 sec = 80
watts
POWER
How fast (or the rate) Work is done
P = W/t
