Facial Muscles:

1. Buccinator (superficial)
2. Masseter (superficial)
3. Temporalis (superficial)
4. Orbicularis oris (superficial)
5. Zygomatic minor & major (superficial)
6. Orbicularis oculi (superficial)
7. Epicranius: (superficial)
1) Frontal belly (superficial)
2) Occipital belly (superficial)
 Galea/Epicranial aponeurotica (flat TENDON- ø muscle)
8. Levator labii superioris (superficial)
9. Risorius (superficial)
10. Mentalis (superficial)
11. Depressor labii inferioris (superficial)
 Actions: 7. Epicranius:
1. Buccinator 1) Frontal belly “frontalis”
• Compresses check • Fixed with aponeurosis
• Wrinkles forehead & Raises eyebrows (as in surprise)
2. Masseter
• Elevates mandible
2) Occipital belly “occipitalis”
• Fixes aponeurosis
• Prime mover of jaw closure
• Pulls scalp posteriorly
3. Temporalis
• Elevates & retracts mandible
8. Levator labii superioris
• Raises and furrows upper lip
• Closes jaw
• Opens lips
4. Orbicularis oris
• Closes/purses/protrudes lips
9. Risorius
• Draws corner of lip laterally
• Kissing & whistling muscle
• Tenses lips
5. Zygomatic minor & major • Synergist of zygomaticus
• Raises lateral corners of mouth
• Smiling muscle
10. Mentalis
• Protrudes lower lip
6. Orbicularis oculi • Wrinkles chin
• Draws eyebrows inferiorly
• Produces blinking & squinting
11. Depressor labii inferioris
• Draws lower lip inferiorly
• Pout
Neck
Muscles:
1. Platysma (superficial)
2. Sternocleidomastoid (superficial)
3. Scalenes: [deep]
1) Middle scalene [deep]
2) Anterior Scalene [deep]
3) Posterior Scalene [deep]
 ACTIO
1. Platysma
NS:
• Pulls lower lip back & down which produces downward sag of mouth
• Helps depress mandible
• Tenses skin of neck (as during shaving)
2. Sternocleidomastoid
• Flexes and laterally rotates the head
3. Scalenes:
• Elevate first 2 ribs (aid in inhalation)
• Flex & rotate neck
Respiratory
Muscles:
1. Diaphragm [deep]
 Central tendon of diaphragm (TENDON-not a muscle)
2. Internal intercostal [deep]
3. External intercostal [deep]
 ACTIONS:
1. Diaphragm
• Flattens on contraction
• Prime mover of inspiration (inhale)
2. Internal intercostal
• Inside
• Draw ribs together & depress rib cage
• Aid forced expiration (exhale)
• Antagonist to external intercostal
3. External intercostal
• Outside
• Pulls ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage
• Aid in inspiration (inhale)
• Synergist of diaphragm
Anterior Thorax
Muscles:
1. Subclavius (superficial)
2. Pectoralis major (superficial)
3. Pectoralis minor (superficial)
4. Deltoid (superficial)
5. Serratus anterior (superficial)
 ACTIO
1. Subclavius NS:
• Beneath
• Helps stabilize & depress pectoral girdle
2. Pectoralis major
• Rotates arm medially
• Adducts arm against resistance
• Prime mover of arm flexion
3. Pectoralis minor
• With ribs fixed- draws scapula forward and downward
• With scapula fixed- draws rib cage superiorly
4. Deltoid
• Active during rhythmic arm swinging movements while walking
• Prime mover of arm abductor
• Antagonist of pectoralis major & latissimus dorsi when they adduct arm
• Synergist of pectoralis major to flex & rotate humerus medially
5. Serratus anterior
• Raises point of shoulder
• Prime mover to protract & hold scapula against chest wall
• Abducting and raising & raising arm in horizontal arm movements (pushing/punching)
• Called “boxers muscle”
Posterior Thorax
Muscles:
1. Trapezius (superficial)
2. Latissimus dorsi (superficial)
3. Infraspinatus [deep]
4. Supraspinatus [deep]
5. Rhomboid major [deep]
6. Rhomboid minor [deep]
7. Teres major [deep]
8. Teres minor [deep]
9. Levator scapulae [deep]
 ACTIO
1. Trapezius
NS: 5. Rhomboid major & minor
• Stabilizes, raises (elevates), retracts(adduct), & rotates scapula • Pulls scapula medially (retraction/adduction)
• Coat hanger muscle • “squaring shoulders”
2. Latissimus dorsi • Stabilize scapula
• Arm adductor • Christmas tree muscle
• Meadially rotates arm 6. Teres major
• Prime mover of arm extension • Extends, medially rotates, & adducts humerus
• Swimmer’s muscle (brings arms down in power stroke) • Synergist of Latissimus dorsi
3. Infraspinatus 7. Teres minor
• Rotates humerus laterally • Rotates humerus laterally
4. Supraspinatus 8. Levator scapulae
• Initiates abduction • Flexes neck to same side
• Stabilizes shoulder joint • Elevates/adducts scapula in concert with superior fibers of
trapezius
Abdominal Wall
Muscles:
1. Rectus abdominis (superficial)
2. External oblique (most superficial)
 Aponeurosis of the external oblique (flat TENDON- ø muscle)
3. Internal oblique [deep]
4. Transversus abdominis [deepest]

 Linea alba (TENDON- ø muscle)

 ACTIO
1. Rectus abdominis
NS:
• Flex & rotates lumbar region of vertebral column
• Stabilizes pelvis during walking
• Used in sit-ups,curls
2. External oblique
• Outside & running at an angle
• Flex vertebral column & compress abdominal wall
• Aids muscle in back in rotating trunk & flexing laterally
• Used in oblique curls
3. Internal oblique
• Inside and running at an angle
• Also used in oblique curls
4. Transversus abdominis
• Compress abdominal content
Muscles of Humerus
(act on forearm):

1. Biceps brachii (superficial)

2. Triceps brachii (superficial)
I. Lateral head (superficial)
II. Longhead (superficial)
III. Medial head (superficial)

3. Brachialis (superficial)
4. Brachioradialis (superficial)
5. Coracobrachialis (superficial)
 ACTIO
1. Biceps brachii NS:
• Flexes elbow joint & supinates forearm (actions occur at the same time “opening bottle of wine”)
• Weak flexor of arm at shoulder
2. Triceps brachii
• Powerful forearm extensor
• Antagonist of forearm flexor
I. Lateral head
• Mainly extend the forearm against resistance
II. Longhead
• Mainly extend the forearm against resistance
• May help stabilize shoulder joint & assist in arm adduction
III. Medial head
• Prime mover
3. Brachialis
• Major forearm flexor
4. Brachioradialis
• Synergist in forearm flexion
5. Coracobrachialis
• Flexes and adducts humerus
• Synergist of pectoralis major
Muscles of Forearm (act on hands/fingers) :
1. Flexor digitorum “carpi” superficialis [deep]
2. Pronator teres (superficial)
3. Pronator quadratus [deepest]
4. Supinator [deep]
5. Flexor carpi radialis (superficial)
6. Palmaris longus (superficial)
 Palmaris longus tendon (TENDON that bulges out in wrist)
7. Flexor carpi ulnaris (superficial)
8. Extensor carpi radialis longus (superficial)
9. Extensor carpi radialis brevis [deep]
10. Extensor digitorum (superficial)
11. Extensor carpi ulnaris (superficial)
12. Extensor digiti minimi (superficial)
13. Anconeus (superficial)

 Flexor retinaculum (TENDON- ø muscle)

 ACTION
1. Flexor digitorum “carpi” superficialis
S: 8. Extensor carpi radialis longus
• Flexes hand & middle phalanges of fingers 2-5 • Extends & abducts hand/wrist
2. Pronator teres 9. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
• Pronates forearm • Extends & abducts hand/wrist
3. Pronator quadratus 10. Extensor digitorum
• Prime mover of forearm pronation • Prime mover of finger extension
4. Supinator 11. Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Synergist of biceps brachii to supinate forearm • Extends & adducts hand/wrist
• Antagonist of pronator muscle 12. Extensor digiti minimi
5. Flexor carpi radialis • Extends pinky finger
• Powerful flexor of & abductor of hand/wrist • “Tea drinking muscle”
6. Palmaris longus 13. Anconeus
• Tenses skin & fascia of palm • Synergist of triceps brachii in elbow extension
7. Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Flexes & adducts hand/wrist
• Powerful flexor of wrist
1. Iliopsoas: (superficial/deep]
1) Iliacus (superficial/deep]
Muscles acting on Thigh/Leg:
2) Psoas major (superficial/deep]
2. Sartorius (superficial)
3. Adductor magnus (deep)
4. Adductor longus (superficial)
5. Gracilis (superficial)
6. Quadriceps femoris: (superficial/deep]
1) Rectus femoris (superficial)
2) Vastus lateralis (superficial)
3) Vastus intermedius [deep]
4) Vastus medialis (superficial)
7. Tensor fasciae latae (superficial)
8. Gluteus medius (superficial)
9. Gluteus maximus (superficial)
10. Hamstrings: (superficial/deep]
1) Biceps femoris (superficial)
2) Semitendinosus (superficial)
3) Semimembranosus [deep]
 Iliotibial tract (TENDON- ø muscle)
 ACTIO 6. Quadriceps femoris:
1. Iliopsoas: NS:
• Prime mover for flexing thigh or flexing trunk on thigh to bow
1) Rectus femoris
• Extends leg & flexes thigh
1) Iliacus 2) Vastus lateralis
2) Psoas major • Extends leg & stabilizes knee
• Lateral flexion of vertebral column 3) Vastus intermedius
• Important postural muscle • Extends leg
2. Sartorius 4) Vastus medialis
• Flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh (flexes leg) • Extends leg & stabilizes patella
• Helps produce cross-legged position 7. Gluteus medius
• Longest muscle in the human body • Abducts & medially rotates thigh
3. Adductor magnus • Steadies pelvis
• Anterior part adducts & medially rotates & flexes thigh 8. Gluteus maximus
• Posterior is synergist of hamstrings • Powerful thigh extensor
4. Adductor longus 9. Hamstrings:
• Adducts, flexes, & medially rotates & flexes thigh 1) Biceps femoris
5. Gracilis • Extends thigh & flexes leg & laterally rotates leg
• Adducts thigh, flexes & medially rotates leg 2) Semitendinosus
6. Tensor fasciae latae • Extends thigh & flexes leg & medially rotates leg
• Flexes, abducts, & medially rotates thigh 3) Semimembranosus
• Steadies trunk • Extends thigh & flexes leg & medially rotates leg
Muscles acting on
Foot/Ankle:
1. Popliteus [deep]
2. Fibularis “peroneus” longus (superficial)
3. Fibularis “peroneus” brevis (superficial)
4. Tibialis anterior (superficial)
5. Tibialis posterior [deep]
6. Extensor digitorum longus (superficial)
7. Extensor hallucis longus [deep]
8. Gastrocnemius (superficial)
9. Soleus (superficial)

 Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon- ø muscle)

 ACTIO
1. Popliteus
NS: 6. Extensor digitorum longus
• Flexes & rotates leg medially to “unlock” extended knee • Dorsiflexes foot
2. Fibularis “peroneus” longus • Prime mover of toe extension
• Plantar flexes & everts foot 7. Extensor hallucis longus
3. Fibularis “peroneus” brevis • Dorsiflexes foot
• Plantar flexes & everts foot • Extends great toe

4. Tibialis anterior 8. Gastrocnemius

• Inverts foot • Plantar flexes foot
• Prime mover of dorsiflexion 9. Soleus
5. Tibialis posterior • Plantar flexion
• Plantar flexes foot • Important locomotor & postural muscle during
walks/runs/dancing
• Prime mover of foot inversion
 Muscle Origin & Insertion 1:
1. Zygomatic minor & major 8. Trapezius
O- zygomatic bone O- occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae & spinous process of C7/all T vertebrae
I- skin & muscle at corner of mouth I- continuous along acromion & spine of scapula & lateral 1/3 of clavicle

2. Masseter 9. Latissimus dorsi

O- zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone O- indirectly attached to spinous process of lower 6 T/L vertebrae last 3 to ribs
I- angle & ramus of mandible & iliac crest
I- spirals around teres major /floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
3. Temporalis
O- temporal fossa 10. Biceps brachii
I- coronoid process of mandible O- SHORT HEAD: coracoid process
LONG HEAD: supraglenoid tubercle & lip of glenoid cavity
4. Platysma
I- by common tendon into radial tuberosity
O- fascia of chest
I- lower margin of mandible & skin & muscle at corner of mouth 11. Triceps brachii
O- LATERAL HEAD: posterior shaft of humerus
5. Sternocleidomastoid
LONG HEAD: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
O- manubrium of sternum & medial portion of clavicle
MEDIAL HEAD: posterior humeral shaft distal to radial tuberosity
I- mastoid process of temporal bone & superior nuchal line of occipital bone
I- by a common tendon into olecranon of ulna
6. Pectoralis major
O- clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs 1-6 & aponeurosis of external oblique
I- intertubecular sulcus & greater tubercle of humerus

7. Deltoid
O- lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion & spine of scapula
I- deltoid tuberosity of humerus
 Muscle Origin & Insertion 2:
12. Sartorius 15. Tensor fasciae latae
O- anterior superior iliac spine O- anterior aspect of iliac crest & anterior superior iliac spine
I- winds medial aspect of knee & into medial aspect of proximal tibia I- iliotibial tract

13. Gracilis 16. Hamstrings:

O- inferior ramus & body of pubis & adjacent ischial ramus 1) Biceps femoris
I- medial surface of tibia O- LONG HEAD: ischial tuberosity
14. Quadriceps femoris: SHORT HEAD: linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line & distal femur
I- head of fibula & lateral condyle of tibia
1) Rectus femoris
O- anterior inferior iliac spine & superior margin of acetabulum 2) Semitendinosus
I- patella & tibial tuberosity O- ischial tuberosity
I- medial aspect of upper tibial shaft
2) Vastus lateralis
O- greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, linea aspera 3) Semimembranosus
I- patella & tibial tuberosity O- ischial tuberosity
I- medial condyle of tibia
3) Vastus intermedius
O- anterior & lateral surface of proximal femur shafts 17. Tibialis anterior
I- patella & tibial tuberosity O- lateral condyle & upper 2/3 of tibial shaft; interosseous membrane
4) Vastus medialis I- inferior surface medial cuneiform & first metatarsal bone
O- linea aspera, intertrochanteric & medial supracondylar lines 18. Gastrocnemius
I- patella & tibial tuberosity O- 2 head from medial & lateral condyles of femur
I- posterior calcaneus
 Term
Definitions:
1. Prime movers “agonist”
• Muscles that are most responsible for producing a particular movement
• Contract
2. Antagonist
• Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
• Relax
3. Synergists
• Aid the action of “agonists” either by assisting with the same movement or by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement
4. Fixators
• Specialized synergists that immobilize the origin of the prime mover so that all the tension is exerted at the insertion
5. Origin
• The attachment of the muscle to the bone that is non movable
• Always fixed (immovable)
6. Insertion
• The attachment of the muscle to the bone that moves
• Generally muscles shorten at insertion
• Insertion moves towards origin