INTELLIGENCE
Theories of Intelligence
Variations in Intellectual Ability
Group Differences in Intelligence
What is Intelligence?
The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use
resources effectively when faced with challenges.
What is Intelligence?
Based on the definitions, it is:
Rational thought and reasoning
The ability to act purposefully in an environment.
The ability to deal with situations, in an effective manner, within an
environment.
Cognitive – Examples of cognitive ability: memory, perception, concept
formation, problem solving, mental imagery, action, association, language and
attention.
The ability to learning from experience
The ability to live and cope with the demands of daily life
Defining Intelligence
“mental activity directed towards purposive adaptation to, and
selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to ones
life”
(Sternberg, 1985)
“the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act
purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the
environment”
(Wechsler, 1958)
Theories Of Intelligence
Charles Spearmen: g-factor
Early psychologists interested in intelligence assumed that there
was a single, general factor for mental ability, which they called
g, or the g -factor .
The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie
intelligence.
Those who hold this view believe that intelligence can be
measured and expressed by a single number, such as an IQ
score.
The idea is that this underlying general intelligence influences
performance on all cognitive tasks.
Raymond Cattell: Two-Factor Theory
Raymond Cattell (1963) believed that ‘g’ is composed of fluid and
crystallized intelligence.
Fluid Intelligence
The degree of flexibility in thinking and the ability to reason abstractly
The ability to solve novel problems, usually measured by nonverbal tasks.
Considered to be influenced more by genetics and brain physiology than
environment.
Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles and coming
up with problem-solving strategies.
Crystallized Intelligence
Involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences.
Dependent upon education and cultural assimilation
Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension
and vocabulary exams.
Howard Gardner: Multiple
Intelligences
His theory describes eight distinct intelligences that are
based on skills and abilities that are valued within different
cultures.
The Biological Basis of
Intelligence
Using brain-scanning methods, researchers have identified
several areas of the brain that relate to intelligence.
For example, the brains of people completing intelligence test
questions in both verbal and spatial domains show activation in a
similar location: the lateral prefrontal cortex
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
It is a mathematical formula that is supposed to be a measure of
a person's intelligence.
The term "intelligence quotient," or IQ, was first coined in the
early twentieth century by a German psychologist named William
Stern.
Since that time, intelligence testing has emerged as a widely
used tool that has led to the development of many other tests of
skill and aptitude.
Intelligence Quotient
IQ= Mental age/Chronological Age X 100
IQ ratio enables direct comparison of children of different ages
IQ Range Classification
Over 140 Genius or almost genius
120 - 140 Very superior intelligence
110 - 119 Superior intelligence
90 - 109 Average or normal intelligence
80 - 89 Dullness
70 - 79 Borderline deficiency in
intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment,
evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions.
Emotional Intelligence Defined
Ability to perceive and express
emotion, assimilate emotion in
thought, understand and reason
with emotion, and regulate emotion
in oneself and others
Model of Emotional Intelligence
Highest Relationship
Managing other people’s emotions
Management
Understanding and sensitivity to the
Social Awareness feelings, thoughts, and situation of
others
Controlling or redirecting our internal
Self-management states, impulses, and resources
Understanding your own emotions,
Lowest Self-awareness strengths, weaknesses, values, and
motives
Emotional Intelligence Competencies
Self Other
(personal competence) (social competence)
Recognition
of emotions Self-awareness Social awareness
Regulation Relationship
of emotions Self-management
management
Improving Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is a set of competencies
(aptitudes, skills)
Can be learned, especially through coaching
EI increases with age -- maturity
