Solutions
Mathematicians have
Problems,
But Chemists have Solutions
Solute
A solute is the dissolved substance
in a solution. (the substance there is
less of)
Salt in salt water Sugar in soda drinks
Carbon dioxide in soda drinks
Solven
t
A solvent is the dissolving medium
in a solution. (the substance there
is Water
more in
of)
salt water Water in soda
Solution Examples
Solvent State Solute State Example
g g oxygen in nitrogen
l s saline
l l ethanol in water
l g soda
s s alloys
s l dental filling
Classification
Solutions of Matter
are
homogeneou
s mixtures
Colligative Properties
• The physical properties of a solvent
change when a solute is dissolved in it.
The amount of change depends on the
number of particles dissolved.
• This means that soluble ionic compounds
that break up into positive and negative
ions will cause a greater change than a
molecular substance like sugar.
Colligative Properties
• Boiling Point Elevation
• Since solvent particles are attracted to the solute
particles, it takes more energy to turn them into the gas
phase.
• Since more energy is required, the solution boils at a
higher than normal temperature.
• ∆Tb = Kbm
– Where ∆Tb is the change in boiling point
Kb is the boiling point elevation constant
m is the molality of the solution
Colligative Properties
• Freezing Point Depression
• Again, the solvent particles are attracted to the solute
particles. The solute interferes with the solution’s normal
freezing process.
• It requires a lower than normal temperature to get a
solution to freeze.
• ∆Tf = Kfm
– Where ∆Tf is the change in freezing point
Kf is the freezing point depression constant
m is the molality of the solution
Freezing Point Depression
Boiling Point Elevation
Boiling Point (sea level):
219° F at 40 percent
concentration
222° F at 50 percent
225° F at 60 percent
Solubility
(qualitative)
• A substance is said to be soluble if it
dissolves in a given solvent or insoluble if it
doesn’t.
• Ex. salt is soluble in water but not in
vegetable oil
• Two liquids are either miscible if they
dissolve in each other in any amount or
immiscible if they don’t.
• Why does one substance dissolve in another?
• When salt forms, the positive sodium ions are
attracted to the negative chloride ions and
they form crystals of sodium chloride. Why
do these crystals break up in water?
Dissolution of sodium
Chloride
Solubility
(qualitative)
• The water molecules’ attraction for
the ions is stronger than the ions
attraction for each other.
• The water molecules are attracted
to the ions in the solid crystal.
They pull the ions from the crystal
and surround them. The ion is now
dissolved in the solvent.
Solvation
• Solvation – the process of dissolving
solute particles are
surrounded by solvent
particles
solute particles are separated
and pulled into solution
Solubility
(qualitative)
• Solvation occurs when any solute is
dissolved in a solvent.
• In general, ‘like dissolves like’.
• If two substances are polar, they will
form a solution. If they are both
nonpolar, they will form a solution. One
polar and one nonpolar will not form a
solution.
“Like Dissolves Like”
nonpolar grease
remover
“Unlike Polarity Cannot Dissolve Unlike”
Vinegar & oil dressing will separate. Shake well before using!
Solubility
(qualitative)
• When a solution forms, heat is either
absorbed or released. It takes energy to
break crystals apart and separate the
ions or molecules. Energy is released
when the solute and solvent particles
attract.
• Some substances release heat when
they dissolve and others take heat in.
The heat releasers are more stable
dissolved while the heat absorbers are
more stable in the crystal form.
Solubility
• refers to the maximum mass of solute
that will dissolve in a given volume or
mass of solvent at a specified
temperature and pressure.
Solubility Chart
Explanation for the Chart
• As the temperature increases, the
speed of water molecules increases
(according to Kinetic Molecular
Theory). There is a greater chance
of the water molecules having
enough energy to knock an ion off
the crystal lattice structure. Hence
more of the solute dissolves.
• At the same time, since the water
molecules are moving faster, there
is an increase in the frequency of
collision and the solute dissolves
Surface Area Explained
• When a piece of rock sugar is
broken into smaller pieces (smaller
particle size), the surface area
increases because the insides are
now exposed.
• When the surface area increases,
the rate of collision between the
solvent molecules and the solute
increases, hence the rate of
dissolving increases.
• It does not change the solubility
(how much dissolves)
Pressure Explained
• When the pressure increases, more
particles collide with the surface of
the solvent more frequently. Hence
they are more likely to enter the
solvent and dissolve.
• This is why the gas in a can of soda
is pressurized.
Temperature and solubility
of gases
• Particles in a gas have less energy to
overcome the attractive forces of the
particles in the solvent. Hence the
solubility of a gas increases when the
temperature decreases, but the rate of
dissolving also decreases because the
particles in the gas move more slowly
and collide less frequently with the
liquid.
Saturation and Equilibrium
Unsaturated Saturated
Supersaturated Sodium Acetate Solution
Solubility Trends
The solubility of solids generally
increases with temperature.
The rate of dissolving of solids
increases with temperature
The rate at which solids dissolve
increases with increasing surface
area of the solid.
The solubility of gases decreases
with increases in temperature.
The solubility of gases increases
with the pressure above the
solution.
Therefore…
Solids tend to dissolve best when:
o Heated
o Stirred
o Ground into small particles
Gases tend to dissolve best
when:
o The solvent is cold
o Pressure is high
Making
Molar
Solutions
From
Solids
Molarity
The concentration of a solution in
moles of solute per litre of solvent.
mol = M
L
Since the most common solvent,
water, has a density of 1 kg/L, one
kilogram of water is the same as
one liter of water!
