The Nervous System
The Master System
Nervous System
By the end of the lesson you should be able to Describe the transmission of impulses from senses to central nervous system and back to muscles. Describe the reflex action and the pathway of the reflex arc. Describe the function of reflex response. Describe the role of the central nervous system.
The System
A system that controls all of the activities of the body.
The nervous system is made of:
The brain
The spinal cord
The nerves The senses
nervous system
Anatomy
Central Nervous System Nervous System (CNS)
-Brain Body -Spinal Cord
Peripheral (PNS)
-Nerve Network of the
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Basic Neurons
Pyramidal Cell Bipolar (Interneuron) Motor Neuron (multipolar) Sensory Neuron (unipolar)
Sensory neurons carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system. Motor neurons (motoneurons) carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body. Interneurons connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord. Receptors sense the environment (chemicals, light, sound, touch) and encode this information into electrochemical messages that are transmitted by sensory neurons.
[Link] [Link]
Basic nerve cell structure
3 main types of nerve cells
sensory neuron
relay neuron
motor neuron
Classifying Neurons
The nerve cell bodies are generally located in groups. Within the brain and spinal cord, the collections of neurons are called nuclei and constitute the gray matter, so-called because of their color. Outside the brain and spinal cord the groups are called ganglia. The remaining areas of the nervous system are tracts of axons, the white matter, so called because of white myelin sheath. Tracts carrying information of a specific type, such as pain or vision, generally have specific names.
[Link] [Link]
Sensory neurons
Carries impulses from receptors e.g pain receptors in skin to the CNS( brain or spinal cord)
Relay neuron
Carries impulses from sensory nerves to motor nerves.
Motor neuron
Carries impulses from CNS to effector e.g. muscle to bring about movement or gland to bring about secretion of hormone e.g ADH
The Cellular Components
Neurons
-Function: transmit information -There are 28 billion in the human body -Longest neuron is a little over 1 meter
Glial Cells
-Function: support neurons in place and provide insulation -These cells outnumber the neurons by 1 to 10 ratio
Transmission of signals
The Synapse
parkinson parkinsons
NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS (Central Nervous System) Segmentation PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) Spinal Nerves Neuron Types Autonomic Nervous System (how many nervous systems are there anyways?)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and Spinal Cord Central Command PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) are nerves that go out to targets in body
The Central Nervous System controls all of the bodys activities.
* The Central Nervous System is made of two main organs.
1. The brain
2. The spinal cord
The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal cord.
The Central Nervous System controls everything in the body.
An organ that controls your emotions, your thoughts, and every movement you make.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
All nerves that leave the CNS Two Modalities: Sensory/Afferent
(info. In)
Somatic Visceral/Autonomic Somatic Visceral/Autonomic --smooth mm. --heart --glands
Motor/Efferent
(commands out)
Brain Cranial Cavity of Skull Spinal Cord Vertebral Arches Cranial Nerves I-XII (off brain) Spinal Nerves
C--8 prs (L,R) T--12 prs L--5 prs S--5 prs
Transverse View (x-section)
vertebral body vertebral arch vertebral foramen spinal cord
Sagittal View
vetebral body, arch intervertebral disc spinal cord spinal nerves (where?)
Zebra-Man
Dermatomes Each is sensory area of one spinal nerve
Segmental Spinal nerve
Autonomic Targets
All have dual sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
The nervous system also allows you to react to a stimulus.
A stimulus is a change in the environment.
Example: A hot stove Or tripping over a rock
Your reactions are automatic.
Automatic means that you do not have to think about your reactions.
Example: If a bug flies by your eye, you will blink.
The Outer Nervous System is made of the nerves and the sense organs.
Nerves
Sense organs
Messages carried throughout the body by nerves.
The Neuron
-the cell body, containing the nucleus (genetic material) -dendrites, hair-like structures surrounding the cell body, which conduct incoming signals -the axon (or nerve fiber), varying in length from a millimeter to a meter, which conduct outgoing signals emitted by the neuron. Axons are encased in a fat-like sheath, called myelin, which acts like an insulator and, along with the Nodes of Ranvier, speeds impulse transmission
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Glia
-Astrocyte - provides physical and nutritional support for neurons; digests part of dead neurons as well as regulates the extracelullar fluid around the neuron. -Microglia - digests part of dead neurons -Oligodendroglia - provides insulation for neurons (myelin) -Satellate cell - provides physical support for neurons in PNS -Schwann cell - provides insulation for neurons (myelin)
[Link]
How does it work?
When at rest a neuron is polarizedthat is, it has a negative charge on the inside of the cell relative to the outside of the cell. This is because it has a higher concentration of negatively charged ions on the inside. When stimulated, the nerve cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions, which rush in temporarily causing a positive charge to build up on the inside relative to the outside. When the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon it is transferred to the next nerve cell so the message [Link] can continue.
More Shapes and Sizes
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Somatosensory Receptors
Input (afferent system) to the nervous system is in the form of our five senses: touch/pain, vision, taste, smell, and hearing. Pain, temperature, and pressure are known as somatic senses. Sensory receptors are classified according to the type of energy they can detect and respond to.
Mechanoreceptors: hearing and balance, stretching. Photoreceptors: light. Chemoreceptors: smell and taste mainly, as well as internal sensors in the digestive and circulatory systems. Thermoreceptors: changes in temperature. Electroreceptors: detect electrical currents in the surrounding environment.
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Physiology (function)
In the PNS, collections of neurons are called ganglia In the CNS, collections of neurons are called nuclei
Involuntary Control
Voluntary Control
[Link] [Link]
Physiology of Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathet ic
(stimulate function)
Parasympathetic
(calms)
[Link]
Thank you
