Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry- The study
of carbon & carbon compounds
• Organic compounds are the
primary constituents of all living
organisms.
Draw an electron dot diagram of carbon.
Χ●
●
Χ
C
Χ●
●
Χ
Carbon is able to form 4 covalent
bonds (4 valence electrons) with
other carbon or other elements.
Types Of Bonds
Single Bond – single covalent bond in
which they share 1 pair of electrons. (2 e-)
● ●
C C ● C ● ● C ●
● ●
Double Bond – carbon atoms may
share 2 pairs of electrons to form a
double bond.
● ●
●●
C C ●
C ●● C●
Triple Bond – carbon atoms may share
3 pairs of electrons to form a triple bond.
C C ●●
●C ●● C●
●●
Types Of Compounds
Saturated Compound – organic
compounds in which carbon atoms are
bonded by SINGLE bonds.
ex. Methane: CH4
H
H C H
H
Types Of Compounds
Unsaturated Compound – compounds
where carbon atoms have double or
triple bonds.
ex. ethene: C2H4
H H
H C C H
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds
that consist of only Carbon and
Hydrogen atoms.
H H H
H C H H C C H
H H H
Alkanes - Nomenclature
The name of every organic molecule has 3 parts:
1. The parent name indicates the number of carbons in
the longest continuous chain.
2. The suffix indicates what functional group is present.
3. The prefix tells us the identity, location, and number
of substituents attached to the carbon chain.
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Naming Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds are named according to
the IUPAC (international union of pure &
applied chemistry) system of nomenclature.
Alkanes – end in ane
Alkenes – end in ene
Alkynes – end in yne
single
● Saturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure
H
CH4 meth- -ane methane H C H
H H
C2H6 eth- -ane ethane H C C H
H H
H
C3H8 prop- -ane propane H3C C CH3
H H
C4H10 but- -ane butane H3C C C CH3
H H
Alkanes - Nomenclature
Suffix – Our first functional group is alkane, so the suffix is –ane
For later functional groups we will drop the –ane root suffix for others
Alkane chain # Carbons Name
CH4 1 methane
CH3CH3 2 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 3 propane
CH3CH2CH2CH3 4 butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 5 pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 6 hexane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 7 heptane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 8 octane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 9 nonane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 10 decane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 11 undecane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C 12 dodecane
H3
Alkanes
• CH4 = methane
• C2H6 = ethane
• C3H8 = propane
• C4H10 = butane
• C5H12 = pentane
Alkenes – CnH2n
series of unsaturated hydrocarbons
having one double bond (C=C)
• Also called ethylene
series (IUPAC name is
ethene)
• General formula CnH2n
Alkenes
• C2H4 = Ethene
• C3H6 = Propene
• C4H8 = Butene
• C5H10 = Pentene
• To find the number of
hydrogens, double the
number of carbons.
1-Butene
This is 1-butene, because the double
bond is between the 1st and 2nd carbon
from the end.
ISOMERS: Molecules have the
same molecular formula, but
have different structural
formulas.
Pentene
This is 1-pentene. The double bond is
on the first carbon from the end.
This is not another isomer of pentene.
This is also 2-pentene, just that the
double bond is closer to the right end.
Alkynes –
a series of unsaturated
hydrocarbons that contain 1 triple
bond.
• Also called the acetylene series
General formula CnH2n-2
C C
Alkynes
• C2H2 = Ethyne
• C3H4 = Propyne
• C4H6 = Butyne
• C5H8 = Pentyne
Alkyl Groups – have one less
hydrogen than the corresponding
alkane.
• CH3 is methyl – one less H than
methane, CH4
H
H C H
H
Draw methyl
C2H5 is ethyl – one less H than ethane C2H6
Condensed
Formula:
CH22CH33
Ethane
C3H7 is propyl – one less H than propane C3H8
propane
Benzene – a series of cyclic
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Benzene – C6H6 the simplest in the family
H
C
H
H
C C
H C C H
C
H
IUPAC Naming
Branched
Hydrocarbon Chains
Sometimes the hydrocarbon chains
are not straight and sometimes
they have other elements attached
to them. Here is how they are
named:
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3
CH2 CH3 CH3
CH3
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3
CH2 CH3 CH3
CH3
Step 1: Find the longest continuous chain
of carbons.
All bonds in the chain of carbons
are single bonds so ending is…ane.
There are 7 continuous carbons, so the
parent chain is heptane.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3
4 5 6 7
1 2 3
CH2 CH3 CH3
CH3
• Step 2: Number the carbons in the main
sequence starting with the end that will
give the attached groups the smallest #.
This chain is numbered from right to left
because there is a substituent closest to
the right.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3
CH2 CH3 CH3
CH3
• Step 3 : Add numbers to the names of the
groups to identify their positions on the chain.
- these numbers become prefixes to the parent
chain. yl
ethane
In this ex. the positions are:
C2H6
5
2 - methyl, 3 - methyl, 4- ethyl
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3
CH2 CH3 CH3
CH3
• Step 4: Use prefixes to indicate the
appearance of a group more than once in the
structure.
Di = twice
Tri = three times
Tetra = four times
Penta = five times
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3
CH2 CH3 CH3
CH3
• This chain has 2 methyl groups so
dimethylis used.
Step 5: List the alkyl groups in alphabetical
order.
In this ex. dimethyl is listed before the ethyl.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3
CH2 CH3 CH3
CH3
Step 6: Use punctuation
- use commas to separate numbers
-hyphens to separate numbers with
words.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3
CH2 CH3 CH3
CH3
• The name of this compound is:
2,3-dimethyl – 4-ethyl heptane
CH3 CH3
CH3 - CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH - CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1
Step 1: 6 carbons =hex
All single bonds = ends in ane
So parent chain is hexane
Step 2: start numbering from right to left
Step 3: 2 -methyl and 4 -methyl
CH3 CH3
CH3 - CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH - CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1
2,4 dimethyl hexane
When naming with a double/triple bond-
start # carbons closest to the bond.
CH3 CH3
C 1 C2 C3 C4 C5
3,4 dimethyl, 2-pentene
Now start with name and draw the structure.
• 3-ethylhexane
C C C C C C
CH2
CH3
You can place H’s all around or just leave as is.
H C H
yl
H C H ethane
C2H6
H 5
• 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
CH3
C C C C C
CH3 CH3
• Alcohols -OH hydroxyl
• Organic acids -COOH carboxyl
• Aldehydes O -CHO carbonyl
• Ketones -C-
• Ethers -O-
O
• Esters -C-O
• Amines -N- O
• Amides -C-NH
Alcohols
• Are organic cmpds in which one or more of the
hydrogens is replaced with an – OH group.
- OH group is called the hydroxyl group
Monohydroxyl Alcohols
-have one –OH group
H
R C OH
H
Shortcut way to represent a primary alcohol
R-OH
R stands for REST of the molecule
IUPAC naming of alcohols
• Replace the final “ane” with “-yl Alcohol”
● methane Methyl Alcohol CH3OH
● ethane Ethyl Alcohol C2H5OH
● propane Propyl Alcohol C3H7OH
● butane Butyl Alcohol C4H9OH
● pentane Pentyl Alcohol C5H11OH
Organic acids – have the
functional group -COOH
• R-COOH
O
Carboxyl
R C
group OH
IUPAC naming of Organic Acids
Replace the final “e” with “-oic ”acid
H
Methanoic acid - HCOOH
O H C H
R C H
OH
Amines – contain the functional
group -N-
• It is a derivative of ammonia – NH3
• IUPAC naming of amines –
- replace the final –e with “-amine”
H Draw:
H C NH2 C C NH2
H
ethanamine
methanamine
Esterification
• Organic Acid + Alcohol Ester + Water
-COOH -OH -COO -H2O
-These are slow reversible reactions
-similar to neutralization rxn in inorganic
Acid + base = salt + water
