Types of Rock
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A rock is a naturally
occurring solid
mixture of one or
more minerals, or
organic matter
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Rocks are classified by
how they are formed,
their composition,
and texture.
Rocks change over
time through the
rock cycle.
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Igneous rocks formed
from hardening
and crystallization of
magma or molten
material
that originates deep
within the earth.
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Magma can form:
▪ When rock is heated
▪ When pressure is
released
▪ When rock changes
composition
Magma freezes between
700 °C and 1,250 °C
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TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Intrusive Igneous Rocks/Plutonic: - It
cools slowly beneath the Earth surface and
are created by magma. The intrusive
igneous rocks have very large crystals
(coarse grained).
Extrusive Rocks/Volcanic : forms when
magma erupts onto the Earth’s surface
(lava), cools quickly with very small or no
crystals formed
COMPOSITION OF
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Felsic:
Felsic light colored rocks that are rich in
elements such as aluminum, potassium,
silicon, and sodium
Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in
calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in
silicon
INTERMEDIATE – between mafic and
felsic
ULTRAMAFIC - very dark color
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Coarse- Fine-
Grained Grained
Felsic
Granite Rhyolite
Mafic
Gabbro Basalt
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Sedimentary rock is formed
by erosion.
Sediments are moved from one
place to another
Sediments are deposited in
layers, with the older ones on
the bottom
The layers become compacted
and cemented together
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• Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and
other fragments of materials called
sediments, accumulate in layers and
over long period of time harden into
rocks.
• Compaction-due to increase of pressure
of layered sediments it bind together to
form the sedimentary rocks.
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Sedimentary Rocks are
formed at or near the
Earth’s surface
No heat and pressure
involved
Strata – layers of rock
Stratification – the process
in which sedimentary rocks
are arranged in layers
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THREE TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
1. Clastic – made
of fragments of
rock cemented
together with
calcite or quartz.
Little pieces of
broken rocks and
shells.
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Breccia is a term most often used for
clastic sedimentary rocks that are
composed of large angular fragments (over
two millimeters in diameter).
The spaces between the large angular
fragments can be filled with a matrix of
smaller particles or a mineral cement that
binds the rock together.
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2. Chemical sedimentary –
minerals crystallize out of solution to
become rock. It is formed when
dissolved minerals precipitate from a
solution.
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Organic sedimentary –
remains of plants and
animals. Rocks formed
from the accumulation of
animal debris.
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Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that
forms from the accumulation and
preservation of plant materials, usually in a
swamp environment.
Coal is a combustible rock and along with
oil and natural gas it is one of the three
most important fossil fuels.
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Meaning to change shape
Changes with temperature
and pressure, but remains
solid
Usually takes place deep in
the Earth
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TWO TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Contact
Metamorphism –
heated by nearby
magma
Increased temperature
changes the
composition of the
rock, minerals are
changed into new
minerals
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Regional Metamorphism –
pressure builds up in rocks
that is deep within the Earth
Large pieces of the Earth’s
crust collide and the rock is
deformed and chemically
changed by heat and
pressure
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Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat
minerals
Gneiss is foliated
metamorphic rock that
has a banded
appearance and is
made up of granular
mineral grains.
It typically contains
abundant quartz or
feldspar minerals.
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Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not arranged in
plains is
Marble orabands
non-foliated
metamorphic rock that is
produced from the
metamorphism of
limestone.
It is composed primarily
of calcium carbonate.
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Assignment:
Rocks are all around us. It is
used for building materials,
cars, roads, and appliances.
As a senior high school student,
how can you promote the
sustainable development in
utilizing these resources? Give
some suggestions.
Thank You!
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