LIFE SCIENCES
GRADE 12 REVISION PROGRAMME
TOPIC: HUMAN REPRODUCTION part 1
PRESENTERS : NONHLANHLA MTSHALI &
SAMANTHA RUGUNANAN
DATE: 29 FEBRUARY 2024
HUMAN REPRODUCTION: 41 marks
Female Male Puberty: Menstrual Hormonal Development
reproduction reproduction cycle: control of the of the foetus:
system system: menstrual
cycle:
Diagram of Diagram of male Period where Events Role of the 4 Development
female reproduction physical occurring in hormones in of the embryo
reproduction system with changes occur the ovary controlling the after
system with labels (front and in the bodies (ovarian cycle) menstrual fertilisation to
labels, functions side view), of males and and uterus cycle i.e., form a foetus.
and parts. functions and females in (uterine cycle) FSH, LH, Development
Diagram of the parts. order for during the oestrogen and of the foetus
ovum Diagram of males and menstrual progesterone for 39 -40
sperm cell females to be cycle of weeks.
capable of approximately Diagram of
sexual 28 days the foetus
reproduction. inside the
Testosterone uterus
stimulates
puberty in
males.
Oestrogen
stimulates
puberty in
females
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
CONTENT ELABORATION
Introduction Revision of the schematic outline of the human life cycle to show
the role of meiosis, mitosis and fertilisation.
Structure of the Structure of the male reproductive system, using a diagram
male reproductive Functions of the testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle,
system prostate gland, Cowper's gland, penis and the urethra
Structure of the Structure of the female reproductive system, using a diagram
female reproductive Functions of the ovary, Fallopian tubes, uterus lined by
system endometrium, cervix, vagina with its external opening and the
vulva
Structure of the ovary, using a diagram, showing the primary
follicles, the Graafian follicle and the corpus luteum
OUTLINE OF THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE
The role of
• Meiosis
• Fertilization
• Mitosis
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Consists of:
• A pair of testes situated in
the scrotum.
• The epididymis, vas
deferens, ejaculatory duct
and urethra.
• The accessory glands:
seminal vesicles, prostate
gland and Cowper’s
glands.
• The penis.
Front view Side view
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicle Sperm duct: Transports sperm
from the epididymis to the
urethra
Urethra: Transports semen
Cowper’s gland
and
urine out of the body
Epididymis: Sperm cells
mature
Scrotum: Skin sac that and are stored here
protects the testes and
holds the testes
‘outside’ the body, at a
temperature that is 2°C Testes: Produces sperm cells
below 37°C. This is the and
best temperature for the the hormone testosterone
production of sperm.
ACCESSORY GLANDS
Accessory glands – prostate gland, Cowper’s gland and
seminal vesicles
Secretions of accessory glands are essential for
maturation and motility of sperms.
Contains nutrients – which provide energy for the
movement of the sperm;
Is alkaline – to neutralise the acidic conditions of the
vagina; and
Contains mucus – which is important for the mobility of
the sperm in the female reproductive system.
The secretions of the accessory glands together with
sperms constitute the semen
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Consists of:
• A pair of ovaries
• Fallopian tube leading
from each ovary
• Uterus or womb
• Vagina or birth canal
• Vulva or external
opening
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Fallopian tube: Connects
the Uterus: Carries the
ovaries to the uterus, embryo and foetus
transports ova from the during
ovary; it is the site of pregnancy
fertilisation
Ovary: Produces ova, Endometrium: Inner
secretes progesterone lining
and of uterus; a place where
oestrogen the
embryo implants and the
Vagina: Receives the Cervix:
placentaLower,
forms narrow
penis part
and semen during sexual of uterus. It stretches to
intercourse; it is the allow the baby through
passage during childbirth
through which the baby is
born
STRUCTURE OF THE OVARY
• The primary female sex organs situated in
the pelvic cavity on either side of the uterus
• Each ovary is surrounded by a layer of diploid
(2n) germinal epithelium that divides to
produce haploid (n) ova by the process of
oogenesis.
Functions:
The ovaries produce and release ova.
They produce the female hormones oestrogen
and progesterone
ACTIVITY 1
1.1 Give the LETTERS of ALL the structures that are involved in each of
the following:
(a) Production of the fluid part of semen.
A, B and C
(b) Transportation passageway of sperm and semen.
D and E
1.2. Name
(a) Gland B
Prostate Gland
(b) The hormone produced by the testes, that brings about the
development of male secondary sexual characteristics.
Testosterone
ACTIVITY 1
1.3 Test results show that this man has a low sperm count.
Explain why a doctor would advise him against wearing
tight underwear. (3)
Tight underwear will keep the testes close to the body(cause)
the temperature of the testes will be too high (effect) &
sperm will not mature / (effect) sperm production will be
negatively affected.
Learners lost marks when
they answered that testes
regulate temperature and it is
kept at +- 2oC below body
temperature, they gave the
function of the testis and
didn’t answer the question
ACTIVITY 1
1.4 Explain what would happen to the male’s ability to reproduce if
the part labelled D is blocked off. (3)
No sperms will be transported to the penis which will result in
no fertilization and no offspring will be produced no
reproduction
Learners lost marks when they gave
the function of D, they didn’t answer
the question. You need to say what
will happen if it is NOT working
1.5 Explain how the secretions of structures A and B improve the chances of
fertilisation. (4)
-The secretion is alkaline to neutralise the acidity of the vagina/ urethra
- The secretion contains nutrients for the sperm to generate energy for
movement
- The secretion is a fluid/mucus which facilitates the movement of the sperm cells
ACTIVITY 2
The diagram below shows the female 2.1 Identify part:
reproductive system. (a) A
Fallopian Tube
(b) C
Cervix
2.2 Give the LETTER only of the part where each of the following
takes place:
(a) Meiosis
B
(b)Fertilisation
A
ACTIVITY 2
The diagram below shows the female
reproductive system. 2.3 State TWO functions of part E (2)
Responsible for the protection of the embryo from
implantation to birth
and provides space for the developing foetus
2.4 What is the function of the nutrient rich fluid that enables
sperm to reach part A. (1)
Gives the sperm cell energy to reach part A
ACTIVITY 3
The diagram below represents the female 3.1 Identify part B. (1)
reproductive system. Endometrium
3.2 Name the process that takes place in part A that leads to
zygote formation. (1)
Fertilization
3.3 Describe the process named in QUESTION 3.2. (1)
The (nucleus of the) sperm fuses with (the nucleus of) the
ovum
3.4 Describe how the secretion of the prostate gland provides
protection for the sperm from the conditions in part C. (2)
The secretion is alkaline which - neutralises the acidic
conditions of the vagina
The word
protection tells
you that you
must look at
alkalinity
PUBERTY AND GAMETOGENESIS
PUBERTY
• Is a time of life when a person becomes sexually mature.
• Physical changes occur between 10 and 14 in girls and 12 and 16
for boys
• It begins when the hypothalamus in the brain starts releasing
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
18
PUBERTY IN MALES
Starts when GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete:
– Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – which stimulates the testes to
produce sperm,
– Luteinizing hormone (LH) – which stimulates the testes to produce
testosterone
19
PUBERTY IN FEMALES
Starts when GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete:
– Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – stimulates a follicle in the
ovary to develop and secrete oestrogen
– Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates the development of the
corpus luteum in the ovary to secrete progesterone
20
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
GAMETOGENESIS
• Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes by meiosis
In females, In males, gametes
gametes (ova) are (sperm cells) are
formed by the formed by the
process of process of
oogenesis spermatogenesis
22
PROCESS OF SPERMATOGENESIS
In males the process of gametogenesis is called spermatogenesis
Exam guideline:
• Under the influence of testosterone
• diploid cells in the seminiferous
tubules
• of the testes undergo meiosis
• to form haploid sperm cells
23
STRUCTURE OF THE SPERM CELL
The head is mainly
made up of the nucleus
containing 22
autosomes and either
an X or Y gonosome.
The middle piece is
The long tail enables the
made up of numerous
sperm to swim up the The acrosome contains enzymes
mitochondria to
fallopian tube that dissolve the ovum’s
provide energy for
membrane
locomotion.
24
PROCESS OF OOGENESIS
In females the process of gametogenesis is called oogenesis
Exam guideline:
• Diploid cells in the ovary undergo mitosis
• to form numerous follicles.
• At the onset of puberty
1st meiotic division • and under the influence of FSH,
• one cell inside a follicle enlarges and undergoes meiosis.
• Of the four cells that are produced, only one survives to
2nd meiotic form a mature, haploid ovum.
division
• This occurs in a monthly cycle
STRUCTURE OF THE OVUM
The nucleus
contains 22
The autosomes
cytoplasm and an X
nourishes
gonosome
the ovum
The jelly layer provides protection for
the early developmental stages
of the fertilized ovum
26
DRAWING SKILL
Practice Question: Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a sperm
cell.
You must be
able to draw
and label the
ovum and
sperm cell.
27
DRAWING SKILL
Practice Question: Draw a labelled diagram of an ovum. Remember all drawings
must:
Include a caption
Be drawn in pencil and labelled
in pen
Label lines must not cross
Be large and fill half a page
28
Activity 1- Gauteng Prelim 2022
The diagram below represents the sperm cell. 1. State how the following structures are suited to assist the
sperm cell to perform its function:
a) The mitochondria (2)
-increased surface area for cellular respiration / to provide
energy
-to enable movement of the sperm cell
b) The acrosome (2)
contains enzymes to dissolve the outer membrane of the
ovum
for the (sperm cell) nucleus to enter the ovum /for
fertilization
Activity 2- Gauteng Prelim 2022
Sperm cells and ova are produced by spermatogenesis. This happens when
diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells.
[Link] TWO differences between gametogenesis in males and females
not mentioned in the text above
Activity 2- Gauteng Prelim 2022
Gametogenesis in males Gametogenesis in females
Called Spermatogenesis Called oogenesis
Stimulated by testosterone Stimulated by FSH
Take place in the testes /seminiferous tubules Takes places in the ovaries /follicles
Results in 4 sperm cells being produced Results in 1 ovum being produced
Process starts at puberty The process starts before puberty /at birth
Any (2X2) +1 table (5)
ACTIVITY 3: DBE NOV P1 2022
The diagrams below show the structure of a normal and an abnormal sperm. (The diagrams are
drawn to scale.)
2 Describe the role of structure B during
fertilisation. (1)
- Fuses with the nucleus of the ovum
- Carries genetic material Any 1
3 Explain the role of the organelles found in large
numbers in part C. (2)
- Produce energy/ (cause) site for cellular respiration
- which is needed for movement(effect) of the sperm
1 Identify part A. (1)
Acrosome
ACTIVITY 4: DBE NOV P1 2022
The diagrams below show the structure of a normal and an abnormal sperm. (The diagrams are
drawn to scale.)
4 Explain TWO reasons why sperm 1 is structurally
better suited for fertilization than sperm 2. (4)
- The oval/torpedo-shaped head (structure)
- will facilitate faster movement (function)
- The presence of an acrosome (structure)
- enables the nucleus/head to enter the ovum(function)
- A longer tail(structure)
- ensures faster movement
(function)
(Mark first TWO only) Any (2 x 2)
THANK YOU
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
