kardan University, Faculty
of
Civil Engineering
Lecture notes by:
Eng :Sayed Dawod “karimi”
Mail:[email protected]
om
LECTURE 22
Shear Design I
Lesson Objectives
At the conclusion of this lesson, you should be able to
do the following:
Calculate the shear strength provided by the
concrete, Vc.
Calculate the shear strength provided by the steel, Vs.
Determine the nominal shear strength, Vn, and design
shear strength, fVn of a reinforced concrete beam.
Orientation
Why is this topic important?
The behavior of beams failing in shear is complex
and difficult to predict using stress analysis. As a
beam begins to crack under load, stresses
redistribute in a manner that is difficult to predict.
Empirical equations have been developed which
conservatively predict the shear strength of a
reinforced concrete beam. A beam’s resistance to
shear consists of the shear carried by the concrete
and the shear carried by the stirrups. As we
design a beam we must ensure that a shear failure
will not occur before a flexural failure.
How does this topic relate to prior learning?
Last lesson we talked about how cracks
develop as a beam is loaded. We saw that a
beam will fail due to the presence of inclined
cracks if adequate stirrups are not provided.
In today’s lesson we will learn to calculate the
shear strength provided by the concrete and
shear stirrups.
Reading Assignment
MacGregor and Wight Text:
Read section 6.5
ACI 318M-05:
Read sections 11.3.1 and 11.5
Key Definitions
Nominal shear strength, Vn - the combination of the shear
strength of the concrete and the shear strength of the stirrups.
Design shear strength, fVn – the nominal shear strength
multiplied by the strength reduction factor.
Shear strength of concrete, Vc – a combination of the shear
strength of the uncracked concrete, dowel action from the
flexural steel, and aggregate interlock.
Shear strength of stirrups, Vs – the shear strength provided
by the shear stirrups.
Lesson Notes
The ACI basic design equation for shear is given as:
Vn Vu
The strength reduction factor, , for shear design is taken equal to 0.75. The nominal shear
resistance, Vn, is the sum of the shear carried by the concrete, Vc, and the shear carried by the
stirrups, Vs. Given in mathematical form:
Vn Vs Vc
The empirical equation developed by ACI to compute Vc is given below:
Vc 0.17 f cbw d
Where bw is the width of the web. This equation is valid for concrete with strength less than 70
MPa.
The shear resisted by the stirrups, Vs, is:
Av f y d
Vs
s
Where Av is the cross sectional area of a single stirrup, fy is the yield strength of the stirrup, and s
is the spacing of the stirrups. The ACI code also limits the maximum shear in the stirrups with
the following equation:
2
Vs max f cbw d
3
The ACI code gives the following limits for shear reinforcement. No stirrups are needed in areas
where the following condition is true:
Vc
Vu
2
Stirrups may be provided at the maximum allowed spacing when the following condition is true:
Vc
Vu Vc
2
The maximum stirrup spacing is addressed in section 11.5.5.3 and is taken as the following:
16 Av f y 3 Av f y d
smax min , , ,600mm
f cbw
bw 2
If Vs 0.33 f cbwd then the maximum stirrup spacing is reduced by one half.
There are a few conditions in which stirrups are not required. These cases are addressed in
section 11.5.6.1 and include:
Slabs and footings
And for small beams such that:
250mm
h 2 .5 h f
0.5b
w
There are a lot of equations which have presented here. Next lesson we will formally discuss the
shear design procedure and the use of these equations will become much clearer.
The design of shear reinforcement for beams follows the general procedure listed below.
1. Determine the member self weight and calculate the required shear strength, Vu, along the
length of thee member. This is done by drawing a shear diagram for the entire member.
2. Calculate the required shear, Vu, at the critical section which for reinforced concrete is
located at a distance “d” from the face of the support. In the region between the face of the
support and the critical section, the support reaction introduces vertical compression into the
end zone of the member which greatly increases the shear strength in this region.
3. Calculate the shear strength of the concrete, Vc.
4. Determine if shear stirrups are required in accordance with ACI section 11.5.5.1. Recall,
V
if Vu c then no stirrups are required.
2
V
5. Determine Vs-required at the critical section with the following equation: Vs required u Vc
. Recall that for shear design and analysis = 0.75. Check Vs-required with Vs-max. If Vs-required
is greater than Vs-max then redesign the section.
6. Determine the maximum spacing of the reinforcement.
7:-Determine the shear reinforcement spacing at the critical
section to achieve Vs-required. Assume that the stirrups will be either a
No. 10 or No. 13 bar. Select the smaller spacing value between step 6
and step 7 and call this value so. Place the first stirrup at a distance
of so/2 from the face of the support.
8:-Determine the locations to start the next specified stirrup
spacing increments, s1, s2, etc. Follow the following
guidelines. Use whole number spacing dimensions
(increments of 100 mm) and vary the spacing as little as
possible to ease the fabrication. Repeat this step and work
your way to mid span until the spacing equals the maximum
spacing or shear reinforcement is no longer required.
