CS 345A Data Mining
MapReduce
Single-node architecture
CPU
Machine Learning, Statistics
Memory Classical Data Mining Disk
Commodity Clusters
Web data sets can be very large
Tens to hundreds of terabytes
Cannot mine on a single server (why?) Standard architecture emerging:
Cluster of commodity Linux nodes Gigabit ethernet interconnect
How to organize computations on this architecture?
Mask issues such as hardware failure
Cluster Architecture
2-10 Gbps backbone between racks 1 Gbps between any pair of nodes in a rack Switch Switch
Switch
CPU
Mem Disk
CPU
CPU
Mem Disk
CPU
Mem Disk
Mem Disk
Each rack contains 16-64 nodes
Stable storage
First order problem: if nodes can fail, how can we store data persistently? Answer: Distributed File System
Provides global file namespace Google GFS; Hadoop HDFS; Kosmix KFS
Typical usage pattern
Huge files (100s of GB to TB) Data is rarely updated in place Reads and appends are common
Distributed File System
Chunk Servers
File is split into contiguous chunks Typically each chunk is 16-64MB Each chunk replicated (usually 2x or 3x) Try to keep replicas in different racks
Master node
a.k.a. Name Nodes in HDFS Stores metadata Might be replicated
Client library for file access
Talks to master to find chunk servers Connects directly to chunkservers to access data
Warm up: Word Count
We have a large file of words, one word to a line Count the number of times each distinct word appears in the file Sample application: analyze web server logs to find popular URLs
Word Count (2)
Case 1: Entire file fits in memory Case 2: File too large for mem, but all <word, count> pairs fit in mem Case 3: File on disk, too many distinct words to fit in memory sort datafile | uniq c
Word Count (3)
To make it slightly harder, suppose we have a large corpus of documents Count the number of times each distinct word occurs in the corpus
words(docs/*) | sort | uniq -c where words takes a file and outputs the words in it, one to a line
The above captures the essence of MapReduce
Great thing is it is naturally parallelizable
MapReduce: The Map Step
Input key-value pairs map k map v Intermediate key-value pairs k v
k
k
k v
k v
MapReduce: The Reduce Step
Intermediate key-value pairs k k k v v v group Key-value groups k k v v v v v Output key-value pairs
reduce
reduce
k k
v v
k v k
k v
MapReduce
Input: a set of key/value pairs User supplies two functions:
map(k,v) list(k1,v1) reduce(k1, list(v1)) v2
(k1,v1) is an intermediate key/value pair Output is the set of (k1,v2) pairs
Word Count using MapReduce
map(key, value): // key: document name; value: text of document for each word w in value: emit(w, 1)
reduce(key, values): // key: a word; value: an iterator over counts result = 0 for each count v in values: result += v emit(result)
Distributed Execution Overview
User Program fork assign map Input Data Split 0 read Split 1 Split 2 Worker Worker Worker local write Worker
fork
Master
fork
assign reduce write Output File 0
Worker remote read, sort
Output File 1
Data flow
Input, final output are stored on a distributed file system
Scheduler tries to schedule map tasks close to physical storage location of input data
Intermediate results are stored on local FS of map and reduce workers Output is often input to another map reduce task
Coordination
Master data structures
Task status: (idle, in-progress, completed) Idle tasks get scheduled as workers become available When a map task completes, it sends the master the location and sizes of its R intermediate files, one for each reducer Master pushes this info to reducers
Master pings workers periodically to detect failures
Failures
Map worker failure
Map tasks completed or in-progress at worker are reset to idle Reduce workers are notified when task is rescheduled on another worker
Reduce worker failure
Only in-progress tasks are reset to idle
Master failure
MapReduce task is aborted and client is notified
How many Map and Reduce jobs?
M map tasks, R reduce tasks Rule of thumb:
Make M and R much larger than the number of nodes in cluster One DFS chunk per map is common Improves dynamic load balancing and speeds recovery from worker failure
Usually R is smaller than M, because output is spread across R files
Combiners
Often a map task will produce many pairs of the form (k,v1), (k,v2), for the same key k
E.g., popular words in Word Count
Can save network time by preaggregating at mapper
combine(k1, list(v1)) v2 Usually same as reduce function
Works only if reduce function is commutative and associative
Partition Function
Inputs to map tasks are created by contiguous splits of input file For reduce, we need to ensure that records with the same intermediate key end up at the same worker System uses a default partition function e.g., hash(key) mod R Sometimes useful to override
E.g., hash(hostname(URL)) mod R ensures URLs from a host end up in the same output file
Exercise 1: Host size
Suppose we have a large web corpus Lets look at the metadata file
Lines of the form (URL, size, date, )
For each host, find the total number of bytes
i.e., the sum of the page sizes for all URLs from that host
Exercise 2: Distributed Grep
Find all occurrences of the given pattern in a very large set of files
Exercise 3: Graph reversal
Given a directed graph as an adjacency list: src1: dest11, dest12, src2: dest21, dest22, Construct the graph in which all the links are reversed
Exercise 4: Frequent Pairs
Given a large set of market baskets, find all frequent pairs
Remember definitions from Association Rules lectures
Implementations
Google
Not available outside Google
Hadoop
An open-source implementation in Java Uses HDFS for stable storage Download: http://lucene.apache.org/hadoop/
Aster Data
Cluster-optimized SQL Database that also implements MapReduce Made available free of charge for this class
Cloud Computing
Ability to rent computing by the hour
Additional services e.g., persistent storage
We will be using Amazons Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) Aster Data and Hadoop can both be run on EC2 In discussions with Amazon to provide access free of charge for class
Special Section on MapReduce
Tutorial on how to access Aster Data, EC2, etc Intro to the available datasets Friday, January 16, at 5:15pm
Right after InfoSeminar Tentatively, in the same classroom (Gates B12)
Reading
Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat, MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html Sanjay Ghemawat, Howard Gobioff, and ShunTak Leung, The Google File System http://labs.google.com/papers/gfs.html
