COMPUTED
RADIOGRAPHY
Burhani abdul
Computed radiography (CR)
is a digital imaging technique that uses a phosphor plate
to capture X-ray images instead of film.
It's used in medical, dental, and veterinary diagnostics.
INTRODUCTION
Imaging plate (IP): A flexible, reusable plate that's coated
with phosphor to store X-ray energy.
The IP is held in a cassette, similar to a traditional film
screen.
Radiographic generator: Emits radiation to create an
image on the IP.
HERE ARE SOME COMPONENTS OF A CR SYSTEM:
Image reader: Scans the IP with a laser beam to capture the
emitted light. Reader replaces the darkroom of conventional X-
ray testing.
Computer system: Digitizes the signal and displays it on a
scree
IMAGE FORMATION AND
CHARACTERISTICS
computed radiography
Computed radiography (CR) systems are very similar
to film-based systems, but instead of film, a
photostimulable phosphor plate is used.
These flexible plates are 1 mm thick and are coated
with europium activated fluorohalide compounds in
crystalline formation embedded in organic binding
material.
IMAGE FORMATION AND CHARACTERISTICS IN
COMPUTED
WhenRADIOGRAPHY
the plate is exposed to ionizing radiation,
photostimulable phosphor stores the LATENT IMAGE. 6
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Mechanism of Image formation and
characteristics In Computed Radiography,
1. when imaging plates are exposed to X-rays or gamma rays, the energy of the
incoming radiation is stored in a special phosphor layer.
2. A specialized machine known as a scanner is then used to read out the latent image
from the plate by stimulating it with a very finely focused laser beam.
3. When stimulated, the plate emits blue light with intensity proportional to the amount
of radiation received during the exposure.
4. The light is then detected by a highly sensitive analog device known as a
photomultiplier (PMT) and converted to a digital signal using an analog-to-digital
converter (ADC).
5. The generated digital X-ray image can then be viewed on a computer monitor and
evaluated.
6. After an imaging plate is read, it is erased by a high-intensity light source and can
immediately be re-used - imaging plates can typically be used up to 1000 times
or more depending on the application
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IMAGE FORMATION IN COMPUTED
RADIOGRAPHY
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STEP 3. THE DIGITAL IMAGE IS THEN
DISPLAYED ON A COMPUTER MONITOR FOR
EVALUATION WITH SPECIALIZED SOFTWARE
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The process of digital radiography
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Post-processing encompasses intention to change the image
contrast, reduce image noise and enhance the harpness of
the image displayed in an effort to enhance diagnostic
interpretation
Digital magnification allows better detail viewing
Image optimization with specialized filters for improved defect
detection
IMAGE POST-PROCESSING IN COMPUTED
RADIOGRAPHY
Histogram adjustment for optimal viewing
Annotation and drawing tools
Special analysis tools: e.g. for automated wall thickness
measurement
Simple report generation
Standardized data exchange via the DIOOM format
Global data exchange via a local network and/or the Internet
Digital archiving and backup
over conventional X-ray film radiography, including:
Image accuracy:
Digitized images have greater data accuracy than hard copies.
Time to produce image:
CR can produce images much faster than conventional X-ray
film radiography.
Consumables:
CR virtually eliminates the need for consumables.
CR HAS SEVERAL ADVANTAGES
No darkroom or chemicals:
CR doesn't require a darkroom or chemicals.
Exposure medium Imaging plate (reusable)
Film Processing No darkroom conditions or chemistry required
Darkroom conditions and chemistry required
Computer with viewing/analysis software Film viewer Archiving
COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY AND FILM
COMPARISON
is a flexible, film-like X-ray sensor that uses photostimulable
phosphor to record images:
Composition
An IP is made by coating a polyester film with a layer of
photostimulable phosphor,
a luminescent material that traps X-ray energy.
Use
To take an image, the IP is placed under the object to be
examined and exposed to X-rays.
The IP is then scanned with a laser beam to release the stored
AN IMAGING PLATE (IP)
energy as light.
This process is called photostimulated luminescence (PSL).
Advantages
IPs have several advantages over conventional X-ray film,
including:
Sensitivity: IPs are 100–1,000 times more sensitive than
photographic film.
Dynamic range: IPs have a wide dynamic range.
Linearity: IPs have a linear response to radiation intensity.
Reusability: IPs can be reused after reading the image.
Applications
IPs are used in a variety of applications, including X-ray
diffraction experiments, autoradiography, and recording
transmission electron microscope (TEM) images
are composed of a polyester base with a phosphor layer
(europium activated barium fluorohalide) on one side
PSPS
A photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate is made up of several
layers, including:
Protective layer: A thin, clear plastic layer that protects the
phosphor layer
Phosphor layer: The active layer that traps electrons when
exposed to radiation. This layer is usually made of a barium
fluorohalide crystal, such as barium fluorobromide,
chlorohalide, or bromohalide.
Reflective layer: Sends light in a forward direction when
released in the cassette reader. This layer may be black to
reduce the spread of light.
Conductive layer: Absorbs and reduces static electricity.
Support layer: A semi-rigid material that gives the imaging
sheet strength.
Backing layer: A soft polymer that protects the back of the
cassette.
PSP plates are used in computed radiography (CR) systems.
When exposed to radiation, the phosphor layer stores a latent
image
.When the plate is scanned with a red laser beam, the stored
energy is released as visible light. This light is detected by a
photomultiplier tube and converted to an electrical signal,
which is then processed into a digital image.
CR image plate (CR IP)
The plate is a layer of phosphor crystals (made of barium
fluorohalide activated with divalent europium ions (BaFX:Eu))
embedded in a polymer binder with the top surface protected
by a layer of toughened plastic. It is typically 0.3 mm thick.
Standard IP
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