OSTEOLOGY
Dr. Kalim Raza.
Assistant Professor
Department of Human Anatomy
Samarkand State Medical University
Osteology
• Branch of anatomy dealing with bones: the bony
structure of an organism.
• The bones in adult are 200 in number, with the
exception 6 auditory ossicles.
• Living bone is an organ.
Appendicular Skeleton
• The Appendicular Skeleton
– 126 bones
– Allows us to move and manipulate objects
– Includes all bones besides axial skeleton
• The limbs
• The supportive girdles
• The appendicular skeleton functions primarily to
facilitate movement
Appendicular Skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206
AXIAL SKELETON 80 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126
Clavicle 2
Pectoral
girdle 4
Scapula 2
Humerus 2
Upper
limbs 60 Radius 2
Ulna 2
Carpal 16
bones
Metacarpal
10
bones
Phalanges 28
Pelvic Hip bone 2
2
girdle
Femur 2
Lower
60 Patella 2
limbs
Tibia 2
Fibula 2
Tarsal bones 14
Metatarsal
bones 10
Phalanges 28
Pectoral Girdle
• The Pectoral Girdle
– Also called shoulder girdle
– Connects the arms to the body
– Positions the shoulders
– Provides a base for arm movement
– Consists of:
• Two clavicles
• Two scapulae
– Connects with the axial skeleton only at the
manubrium
Pectoral Girdle
• The Clavicles
– Also called collarbones
– Long, S-shaped bones
– Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)
– Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
Scapula Clavicle Jugular notch
The position of the clavicle within
the pectoral girdle, anterior view.
Right Clavicle
Acromial end Sternal
end
LATERAL MEDIAL
Facet for
articulation
with acromion Superior view of the right clavicle.
Right Clavicle
Sternal
Acromial end facet
LATERAL Conoid Costal MEDIAL
tubercle tuberosity
Sternal end
Inferior view of the right clavicle.
Stabilizing ligaments attach to the conoid
tubercle and the costal tuberosity.
Pectoral Girdle
• The Scapulae
– Also called shoulder blades
– Broad, flat triangles
– Articulate with arm and collarbone
– Anterior surface the subscapular fossa
Pectoral Girdle
• The Scapulae
– Structures of the scapula
• Body has three sides
1. Superior border
2. Medial border (vertebral
border)
3. Lateral border (axillary
border)
Pectoral Girdle
• The Scapulae
– Body has three corners
• Superior angle
• Inferior angle
• Lateral angle (head)
– The scapular head
• Holds glenoid cavity
• Which articulates with humerus
• To form shoulder joint
(glenohumeral joint)
Pectoral Girdle
• The Scapulae
– Processes of the glenoid cavity
• Coracoid process
– Anterior, smaller
• Acromion
– Posterior, larger
– Articulates with clavicle
– At the acromioclavicular joint
Superior
Acromion
angle
Coracoid Superior
process border
Right Scapula
Lateral
angle
Subscapular
fossa Body
Lateral border
Medial border
Inferior angle
Anterior view
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Acromion Coracoid
process
Right Scapula
Glenoid
Spine cavity
Lateral border
Inferior angle
Lateral view
Supraspinous Coracoid Acromion
fossa process
Superior
border
Right Scapula
Neck
Spine
Infraspinous
Body fossa
Medial
border
Lateral
border
Inferior angle
Posterior view
Pectoral Girdle
• The Scapulae
– Posterior features of the scapula
• Scapular spine
– Ridge across posterior
surface of body
• Separates two regions
1. Supraspinous fossa
2. Infraspinous fossa
Upper Limbs
• The Upper Limbs
– Consist of:
• The arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
– Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus
Upper Limbs
• The Humerus
– Also called the arm
– The long, upper arm bone
– Articulates with the Pectoral Girdle
Upper Limbs
• The Humerus
– Tubercles of the proximal epiphysis
• Separated by the intertubercular
groove
– Greater tubercle
Lateral
Forms tip of shoulder
– Lesser tubercle
Anterior, medial
Upper Limbs
• The Humerus
– Head
• Rounded, articulating surface
• Contained within joint capsule
– Anatomical neck
• Margin of joint capsule
– Surgical neck
• The narrow metaphysis
Upper Limbs
• The Humerus
– The shaft
• Deltoid tuberosity
– A bulge in the shaft
– Attaches deltoid muscle
• Radial groove
– For radial nerve
– Posterior to deltoid tuberosity
Upper Limbs
• The Humerus
– The distal epiphysis
• Medial and lateral epicondyles
– For muscle attachment
• Condyle of the humerus
– Articulates with ulna and radius
Upper Limbs
• The Humerus
– Articular regions of the condyle
• Trochlea
– Coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa
– Articulates with ulna
• Capitulum
– Radial fossa
– Articulates with radius
Greater tubercle
Head
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular
Anatomical
groove neck
Surgical
neck
Deltoid
Right Humerus and tuberosity
Elbow Joint Shaft
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Lateral
epicondyle Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum Trochlea
Condyle
Anterior surface
Right Humerus and Elbow Joint
Humerus
Medial epicondyle
Trochle
Head of radius a
Capitulum
Coronoid process of ulna
Radial notch of ulna
Elbow joint, anterior view
Head
Greater tubercle
Anatomical
neck
Surgical
neck
Right Humerus and
Elbow Joint Deltoid
tuberosity
Radial
groove
Olecranon fossa
Lateral
Medial epicondyle
epicondyle
Trochlea
Posterior surface
Right Humerus and Humerus
Elbow Joint
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Olecranon
Trochlea of humerus
Ulna
Head of radius
Elbow joint, posterior view
Upper Limbs
• The Forearm
– Also called the antebrachium
– Consists of two long bones
1. Ulna (medial)
2. Radius (lateral)
Upper Limbs
• The Ulna
– The olecranon
• Superior end of ulna
• Point of elbow
• Superior lip of trochlear notch
• Articulates with trochlea of humerus
– The coronoid process
• Inferior lip of trochlear notch
Upper Limbs
• The Ulna
– Articulations with the humerus
• Forearm extended
– Olecranon enters olecranon fossa
• Forearm flexed
– Coronoid process enters coronoid
fossa
Upper Limbs
• The Ulna
– Other articulations
• Radial notch
– Articulates with head of radius
– Forms proximal radio-ulnar joint
• Ulnar head
– Prominent styloid process
– Attaches to articular disc between forearm
and wrist
Olecranon
Proximal Radial head
radioulnar Neck
joint of
radius
ULNA RADIUS
Right Radius and Ulna
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar head Ulnar notch
of radius
Styloid process
Styloid process
of ulna
of radius
Posterior view
Trochlear notch
Radial head Coronoid process
Neck of Radial notch
radius
Ulnar tuberosity
Radial tuberosity
RADIUS ULNA
Right Radius and Ulna
Interosseous
membrane
Distal radio-ulnar joint
Ulnar head
Styloid process
of radius
A
n
Upper Limbs
• The Ulna
– Interosseous membrane
• A fibrous sheet
• Connects lateral margin of ulnar shaft to
radius
Upper Limbs
• The Radius
– Lateral bone of forearm
– Disk-shaped radial head above the neck
– Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches biceps
– Articulations of the radius
• Ulnar notch
– Distal end
– Articulates with wrist and radius
• Styloid process
– Stabilizes wrist joint
Olecranon
Proximal Radial head
Neck
radioulnar of
joint radius
ULNA RADIUS
Right Radius and Ulna
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar head Ulnar notch
of radius
Styloid process
Styloid process
of ulna
of radius
Posterior view
Trochlear notch
Radial head Coronoid process
Neck of Radial notch
radius
Ulnar tuberosity
Radial tuberosity
RADIUS ULNA
Right Radius and Ulna
Interosseous
membrane
Distal radio-ulnar joint
Ulnar head
Styloid process
of radius
A
n
Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Ulnar tuberosity
Right Radius and Ulna
ULNA
Lateral view
of ulna, showing
trochlear notch
Upper Limbs
• Eight Carpal Bones
– Four proximal carpal bones
– Four distal carpal bones
– Allow wrist to bend and twist
Upper Limbs
• The Four Proximal Carpal Bones
1. Scaphoid
• Near styloid process
2. Lunate
• Medial to scaphoid
3. Triquetrum
• Medial to lunate
4. Pisiform
• Anterior to triquetrum
Upper Limbs
• The Four Distal Carpal Bones
1. Trapezium
• Lateral
2. Trapezoid
• Medial to trapezium
3. Capitate
• Largest
4. Hamate
• Media
l,
distal
Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand
RADIUS
RADIUS
ULNA
Lunate Lunate
Scaphoid Scaphoid
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Trapezium
Pisiform
Trapezoid Trapezoid
I
Capitate Hamate I Capitate
V V
Metacarpal IV IV II
III III Metacarpal
bones II
bones
Proximal
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Proximal
phalanx
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Anterior view Posterior view
Upper Limbs
• Metacarpal Bones
– The five long bones of the hand
– Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial
– Articulate with proximal phalanges
• Phalanges of the Hands
– 14 total finger bones
• Pollex (thumb)
– Two phalanges (proximal, distal)
• Fingers
– Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
RADIUS
ULNA
Lunate
Scaphoid
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Pisiform
Trapezoid
I
Capitate Hamate
V
Metacarpal IV
bones II III
Proximal
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Bones of the Right
Wrist and Hand
Anterior view
RADIUS
ULNA
Lunate
Scaphoid
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Pisiform
Trapezoid
Hamate I Capitate
V
IV III II
Metacarpal
bones
Bones of the Right
Wrist and Hand Proximal
phalanx
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Posterior view
