NAME : HARSHINI PRIYA TR
REG NO: 2023224029
CLASS: I- ME (Medical
Electronics)
ENDOSCOPY ENDO -- inside ; SCOPY -- to view test to look inside the body to examine
internal organs
Instrument endoscope (A flexible & thin tube that includes light and
camera)
The first endoscope was designed in 1806.
Unlike other medical imaging techniques,
endoscopes are inserted directly into the
organ.
Endoscopies are minimally invasive
technique as it involves either the
openings of body (such as mouth, anus,
nose) or small incisions.
It can be used as diagnostic tool,
HOW DOES IT WORK?
ENDOSCOPY SYSTEM
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
ENDOSCOPIC CAMERA SYSTEM
MONITOR
SUCTION SYSTEM
WATER UNIT
INSUFFLATOR
ENDOSCOPE
ENDO-ACCESSORIES
ILLUMINATION
SYSTEM
The illumination system of the endoscope covers light source, optical fiber
and light guide lens.
Light source used in endoscopy is 300 W (and 11-14 volts)- XENON arc lamp
to produce intense white light.
The light is transmitted through fiber optic cable which works on the principle
of total internal reflection.
This cable carry light from the external light source to the distal tip of
endoscope
At the distal end , the light guide lens spreads this light uniformly over the
visual field
ENDOSCOPIC CAMERA SYSTEM
The key component of the endoscopic camera system are the endoscopic camera and
processor
At distal end, objective lens captures light reflected from the site.
Then the light captured hits the image sensor( area array CCD sensors –charge
coupled device) which undergo photoelectric effect
Captures images and output standard video signals ccd sensor
CCD converts images into an electrical signal
The signal is then transmitted to the processor through a cable for processing
Processed image/video is displayed in the monitor
Photoelectric effect in CCD sensor
SUCCTION SYSTEM , WATER UNIT AND
INSUFFLATOR
Water bottle and
pump
Insufflator
Suction
ENDOSCOPE
An endoscope has three main
sections:
Insertion tube
Control head/ hand piece
Umbilical cord/ universal cord
UMBLICAL CORD
This is made of a flexible tube housing all the channels.
The end of the cord is expanded to connect to the processor and
houses the air/water port, suction port, leak test port, light guide
and the electrical contact.
End of the umbilical cord and connection to the
processor
CONTROL HEAD/ HAND
PIECE
Doctor holds the hand piece and controls the working of the insertion tube based on
the need
CONTROL HEAD/ HAND PIECE
contd…
Up/down deflection wheels (Big wheel): This wheel moves the tip of an endoscope up
or down. In the endoscopic view big wheel down results in the endoscope angulating
upwards and vice versa.
Up/down deflection lock: It is the knob with F written on it. To lock your wheel one
needs to turn in the opposite direction of the arrow. This allows the endoscopist to
lock his wheel in a particular position.
Left/right deflection wheel (Small wheel): This moves the tip of an endoscope left or
right. In endoscopic view small wheel down results in the endoscope angulating left
and vice versa.
Left/right deflection lock: It Locks the right and left deflection wheel.
CONTROL HEAD/ HAND PIECE
contd…
Blue Air/Water valve: This is used to control the insufflations of air or flush water to clear
the lens. Covering its opening or partial depression feeds air from the distal tip. Full
depression flushes water to clear the lens. One way valve.
Red suction valve: When depressed this aspirates air or fluid through the distal tip. This
is connected to the accessory channel. A biopsy cap needs to be in situ covering the
accessory channel for the endoscope to generate the suction needed
CONTROL HEAD/ HAND PIECE
contd…
Accessory/Biopsy channel opening: This allows passage of biopsy forceps and other
instruments to undertake therapy. This is covered by the biopsy cap which creates an air
tight seal necessary for the suction channel to operate.
Forward water jet connector: This is rarely used and often forgotten but it is a useful
adjunct when you want a water jet without removing the instrument in the accessory
channel.
CONTROL HEAD/ HAND PIECE
contd…
Remote Video buttons: There are 4 buttons numbered as such. These allow the
endoscopist to remotely control freezing/capturing images, video or activating narrow
band imaging.
•Button 1: Freeze image
•Button 2: Activate/ Turn off Narrow Band
Imaging
•Button 3: Start/ Stop video
•Button 4: Unfreeze image
INSERTION TUBE
The flexible tube inserted in to the body. It is made of polyurethane
elastomer and polyester elastomer with diameters of 9.2 to 11.6 mm.
Its length depends on the type of endoscopy & patient. It usually
contains Tubes for suction, air, and water
Additional tube for forward water jet
Accessory/biopsy channel
Angulation control wires
Fine electrical wires connecting the image sensor to
the video processor
Optical glass fibers for bringing light from the light
Bending section
source
moves according to controls made by the
user
DISTAL TIP
ENDO- ACCESSORIES
Biopsy forceps Baskets for stone Snare for removing
removal polyps
Clip to inhibit Injection needle Dilator
bleeding
WORKING
GENERAL PROCEDURE
Endoscopes must be checked against any damage or leakage
before using to ensure its efficiency and avoid instrument
malfunction during test/surgery
All the necessary sources and accessories are connected
Sedatives are administered
Surgeon inserts the insertion tube into the appropriate site and
necessary steps are done to view or to perform surgical procedures
Endoscopes are sterilized with enzymatic detergents and peracetic
acids
And then the channels are flushed with 70 to 80 % ethyl alcohol &
dried using forced air
MAINTENANCE
Endoscope must be inspected before and after use for the following:
Insertion tube
Bending mechanism
Optical system
General inspection
Endoscope to be leakage tested
TYPES OF ENDOSCOPY
Based on the area investigated, endoscopy can be:
Arthroscopy for Bronchoscopy for Colonoscopy for Hysteroscopy for
joints lungs colon uterus
Upper GI Laparoscopy for abdomen or Cystoscopy for
endoscopy pelvis bladder
Other common endoscopies are:
Small intestine (enteroscopy)
Nose (anterior and posterior rhinoscopy)
Fallopian tubes( falloposcopy)
Cervix(colposcopy)
Rectum (rectoscopy)
Anus (anoscopy)
Ear (otoscopy)
TYPES OF ENDOSCOPY
Based on the flexibility of insertion tube,
endoscopy can be:
RIGID ENDOSCOPY :
Uses insertion tube that is not flexible
It is made up of metal tubes which contain lenses and light
channels
Diameter ranges from 1 to 12 mm
Mainly used in surgeries like laparoscopy, arthroscopy, endo-
urology, ENT applications like otoscopy
distance involved is small
FLEXIBILE ENDOSCOPY:
Uses flexible insertion tube made of polyurethane elastomer and polyester
elastomer with diameters of 9.2 to 11.6 mm.
It is used in upper GI endoscopy , lower GI endoscopy and respiratory
endoscopy
It involves long distance and undefined paths
Length and diameter depends on the type of endoscopy
WHY ENDOSCOPY ?
Endoscopy is used to diagnose and
treat :
Source of bleed Polyps Inflammatory bowel
disease
WHY ENDOSCOPY?
Endoscopy is used to diagnose and
treat :
Ulcers Tumors Location of nasal and sinus
passage
Advantages of endoscopic
surgery
• Less blood loss
• Fast recovery
• Less pain
• No / Small scars
• Less duration
Advantages of endoscopy
• High quality imaging
• Direct visualization
Disadvantages of
endoscopy
• Causes discomfort in patients
• Expensive equipment
RECENT TRENDS
[Link] ENDOSCOPY
RECENT TRENDS
contd…
2. Disposable endoscopy
Uses one time use tubes that reduces the risk of infection and are cost
effective than reusable one
[Link]
Dyes (indigo carmine) are installed before endoscopy to identify any lesions
Disposable tubes
THANK YOU
