HUMAN ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY II
CHAPTER 16 :
MUSCLES
Names of Muscle
The names of most of the skeletal
muscles contain combinations of the
word roots of their distinctive features.
This works two
Terms that refer to muscle features,
such as
◦ the pattern of the muscle’s fascicles; the
size, shape, action, number of origins, and
location of the muscle; and the sites of
origin and insertion of the muscle.
◦ Knowing the names of a muscle will then
give you clues about its features..
DIRECTION:
ORIENTATION OF MUSCLE FASCICLES RELATIVE
TO THE BODY’S MIDLINE
Rectus :
◦ Parallel to midline
◦ Rectus abdominis
Transverse :
◦ Perpendicular to midline
◦ Transversus abdominis
Oblique ;
◦ Diagonal to midline
◦ External oblique
SIZE: RELATIVE SIZE OF
THE MUSCLE
Maximus :Largest Gluteus maximus
Minimus : Smallest Gluteus minimus
Longus : Long Adductor longus
Brevis : Short Adductor brevis
Latissimus : Widest Latissimus dorsi
Longissimus : Longest Longissimus
capitis
Magnus :Large Adductor magnus
Major : Larger Pectoralis major
Minor : Smaller Pectoralis minor
Vastus : Huge Vastus lateralis
SHAPE: RELATIVE SHAPE
OF THE MUSCLE
Deltoid : Triangular Deltoid
Trapezius : Trapezoid Trapezius
Serratus : Saw-toothed Serratus anterior
Rhomboid ; Diamond-shaped Rhomboid
major
Orbicularis : Circular Orbicularis oculi
Pectinate : Comblike Pectineus
Piriformis : Pear-shaped Piriformis
Platys: Flat Platysma
Quadratus : Square, four-sided
Quadratus femoris
Gracilis : Slender Gracilis
ACTION: PRINCIPAL
ACTION OF THE MUSCLE
Flexor : Decreases joint angle Flexor carpi radialis
Extensor : Increases joint angle Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Abductor : Moves bone away from midline Abductor
pollicis longus
Adductor : Moves bone closer to midline Adductor
longus
Levator : Raises or elevates body part Levator
scapulae
Depressor : Lowers or depresses body part Depressor
labii inferioris
Supinator: Turns palm anteriorly Supinator
Pronator : Turns palm posteriorly Pronator teres
Sphincter : Decreases size of an opening External anal
sphincter
Tensor : Makes body part rigid Tensor fasciae latae
Rotator ; Rotates bone around longitudinal axis
NUMBER OF ORIGINS:
NUMBER OF TENDONS OF ORIGIN
Biceps : Two origins (two
heads); Biceps brachii
Triceps : Three origins
Triceps brachii
Quadriceps : Four origins
Quadriceps femoris
Orbicularis Oris
(or-bi-ku¯-LAR-is OR-is; opening of
mouth.; orb- circular; lips oris of the
mouth)
Mouth muscle
Muscle fibers surrounding Skin at
corner of mouth.
Functions
◦ closes lips
◦ purses and protrues lips
◦ kissing & whistling الصفير
Orbicularis oculi
(or-bi-ku¯ -LAR-is OK-u¯ -lı¯; oculi
eye)
Functions
◦ Blinkingرمش العين
◦ Squintingأحول العينين
◦ draws eyebrows inferiorly
◦ Closes eye.
Innervated by Facial (VII) nerve.
Buccinator
(BUK-si-na¯-tor; bucc- cheek)
Mouth muscle
Innervated by facial nerve
Functions
◦ draws corner of mouth
laterally
◦ compresses cheek (sucking)
◦ holds food between teeth
during chewing
Buccinator
Masseter
(MA-se-ter chewer)
Innervated by Trigeminal
Functions :
◦ prime mover of jaw
closure
◦ elevates mandible
Levator palpebrae
superioris
(le-VA¯ -tor PAL-pe-bre¯soo-per-
e¯ -OR-is; palpebrae eyelids)
Function : raise upper eyelid,
open eyes
Innervated by occulomotor nerve
III
Sternocleidomastoid
(ster-no¯ -klı¯-do¯ - -cleido-
clavicle -mastoid mastoid
Muscle of the neck that move the
head
Innervated by Accessory nerve
Functions
◦ prime mover of active head flexion
(when act together)
◦ rotates head toward opposite side
(when act singularly)
Rectus abdominis
Abdominal muscle
Functions
◦ flex & rotate lumbar region of
vertebral column
◦ fix & depress ribs
◦ stabilize pelvis during walking
◦ increase intra-abdominal pressure
aid in defecation, urination, forced
exhalation and childbirth
◦ Innervated by Intercostals nerve
External oblique
Abdominal muscle
Functions
◦ when together, synergist يتآزرto
rectus abdominis, flex vertebral
column & compress abdominal wall
◦ when alone, synergist to muscles of
back, roate & lateral flexion of trunk
◦ Innervated by Intercostals nerves
Internal oblique
Abdominal muscle
same as external oblique
Innervated by Intercostals
Transversus abdominis
Abdominal muscle
Function :compresses abdominal
content
Innervated by Intercostals
Quadratus lumborum
Abdominal muscle
Functions :
◦ flexes vertebral column laterally when
alone
◦ when together extends lumbar spine &
fixes 12th rib
◦ maintains upright posture
◦ assists in forced breathing
Innervated by T12 & upper lumber
spinal nerves (ventral rami)
Diaphragm
Function :
◦ Prime mover of inspiration,
flattens on contraction
◦ Innervated by
Phrenic nerve
External intercostals
Thorax muscle assist in
breathing
Functions
◦ elevate rib cage, aids in inspiration
◦ synergist of diaphragm
◦ Innervated by Intercostal nerve
Internal intercostals
Thorax muscle assist in
breathing
Function :
◦ depress rib cage,
◦ aid in forced expiration
◦ antagonist of external intercostals
◦ Innervated by Intercostal nerve
Pectoralis minor
Anterior thoracic muscleعضلة
الصدر األمامية
Functions
◦ draws scapula forward & downward
(ribs fixed)
◦ draws rib cage superiorly (scaupla
fixed)
Both pectoral nerves
Pectoralis major
Axial
muscle that move the
humerus
Innervated by Lateral & medial
pectoral nerves
Function :
◦ agonist of arm flexion
◦ rotates arm medially
◦ adducts arm against resistance
◦ pulls rib cage upward with scapula
fixed
Trapezius
Posteriorthoracic muscles
Functions :
◦ stabilizes, raises, retracts & rotates
scapula
◦ adducts & retracts scapula (middle)
◦ elevates scapula or synergist to head
extension (superior)
◦ depresses scapula & shoulder
(inferior)
Innervated by Accessory nerve
Deltoid
Scapular muscle that move the humerus
Functions :
◦ agonist of arm abduction with all fibers,
◦ antagonist of pectoralis major & latissimus
dorsi
◦ flexes & medially rotates humerus with
anterior fibers,
◦ synergist of pectoralis major
◦ extends & laterally rotates arms with
posterior fibers
Innervated by Axillary nerve
Biceps brachii
Functions :
◦ flexes elbow joint & supinates
forearm (usually at the same time)
◦ weak flexor مرنof arm and shoulder
◦ Innervated by Musculocutaneous
nerve
Triceps brachii
Functions :
◦ agonist of forearm extension (medial
head)
◦ antagonist of forearm flexors
◦ stablizes shoulder joint & assist in
arm adduction (long head tendon)
◦ Innervated by Radial nerve
Gluteus maximus
Muscle that move the femur
Glute. = buttock
Functions :
◦ major extensor of thigh
◦ laterally rotates & abducts thigh
◦ inactive during standing
◦ Innervated by Inferior gluteal nerve
Gluteus medius
Muscle that move the femur
Functions :
◦ abducts thigh
◦ anterior part rotates hip medially
◦ posterior part rotates hip lateraly
Innervated by Superior gluteal
nerve
Gluteus minimus
Muscle that move the femur
Function : abducts & medially
rotates thigh
Innervated by Superior gluteal
nerve
Quadratus femoris
Muscle that move the femur
Innervated by nerve to quadratus
femoris
Function :
◦ Laterally rotates and stabilizes hip
joints
Muscles of the Thigh That
Move the Femur and Tibia
and Fibula
Deep fascia separates the
muscles of the thigh that act on
the femur (thigh bone) and tibia
and fibula (leg bones) into
◦ medial,
◦ anterior, and
◦ Posterior compartments
The anterior (extensor)
compartment of the
thigh
These muscles extend the leg (and flex the
thigh).
This compartment contains
◦ the quadriceps femoris and
◦ sartorius muscles.
The sartorius is a long, narrow muscle that
forms a band across the thigh from the ilium
of the hip bone to the medial side of the tibia.
The various movements it produces (flexion of
the leg at the knee joint and flexion,
abduction, and lateral rotation at the hip joint)
The quadriceps femoris
(QF)
QF muscle is the largest muscle in the body,
covering most of the anterior surface and sides of
the thigh.
The muscle is actually a composite muscle, usually
described as four separate muscles:
◦ (1) rectus femoris, on the anterior aspect of the
thigh;
◦ (2) vastus lateralis, on the lateral aspect of
the thigh;
◦ (3) vastus medialis, on the medial aspect of
the thigh; and
◦ (4) vastus intermedius, located deep to the
rectus femoris between the vastus lateralis and
vastus medialis.
The quadriceps femoris
(QF)
The quadriceps femoris muscle is
the great extensor muscle of the
leg.
All Innervated by Femoral nerve
All four heads extend leg at knee
joint;
Rectus femoris alone also flexes
thigh at hip joint.
Gastrocnemius
Functions :
◦ plantar flexes foot when knee is
extendedيثني أخمصي القدم عند مد الركبة
◦ flexes knee when foot is dorsiflexed
تنثني الركبة عندما ثني القدم
Innervated by Tibial nerve
