ENHANCEMENT OF PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE BY OPTIMIZING THE
PROPORTIONS OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT
OF CEMENT BY FLY ASH AND SILICA FUME
Presented by,
[Link] Kalpana, PG Student
[Link], UG Student
[Link], UG Student
Guided by,
[Link].M.E.,(structural)
Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering
Paavai Engineering College
ABSTRACT
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in India.
Replacement of cement partially by Fly Ash and Silica Fume
reduces the supply demand on cement and may also reduce the
emission of CO2 in to atmosphere.
The coal based power plant generates a huge amount of fly ash
which is collected from electrostatic precipitator and Silica fume is
a by-product of producing silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys in
smelters using electric arc furnaces.
Cont,..
The physical and chemical properties of Fly Ash and Silica Fume
has been studied and both the industrial wastes are used to replace
the cement at 25%F.A- 5%S.F, 20%F.A-10%S.F, 15%F.A-15%S.F
and 10%F.A-20%S.F. These specimens will be tested for its
mechanical properties such as compressive strength and flexural
strength at 7 & 28 days.
INTRODUCTION
Cement is the main constituent of the concrete which plays an
important role in the life of the structure but due to the production
of cement more amount of CO2 is emitted which results in global
warming.
The lower cement requirement also leads to a reduction of CO2
generated by the production of cement. So, research steps have
been taken to use mineral admixtures such as Fly ash, Metakolin
and Silica fume in concrete as a replacement for cement because
they improve durability, reduce porosity and improve the interface
OBJECTIVE
To study the properties of industrial wastes and their suitability in
the Concrete.
To study the behaviour as well as properties of concrete in fresh
and hardened state.
To study the effect of Fly Ash and Silica Fume on the workability
of concrete.
To study the structural behaviour of hybrid Concrete made with
industrial wastes.
SCOPE
The chemical composition of Fly Ash and Silica Fume is similar to
that of cement. Hence this mineral admixture can be used as a
partial replacement material to the cement in concrete so that the
environmental pollution and environmental degradation and global
warming can be reduced.
Based on the partial replacement studies on Concrete using Fly Ash
and Silica Fume, the experimental studies can be continued to
determine the micro structural properties of the concrete with this
hybrid mineral admixture.
METHODOLOGY
LITEATURE COLLECTION AND STUDY
MATERIAL TESTING
MIX DESIGN
PRODUCTION OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE
PRODUCTION OF HYBRID CONCRETE WITH FA and SF
TEST ON FRESH & HARDENED CONCRETE
RESULT & DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
LITERATURE REVIEW
Experimental Investigations of Mechanical properties on Micro
silica (Silica Fume) and Fly Ash as Partial Cement Replacement of
High Performance Concrete, (2013), Magudeaswaran P,
Eswaramoorthi P
This study investigated the strength properties of Silica fume and fly
ash concrete.
This work primarily deals with the strength characteristics such as
compressive, Split tensile and flexural strength.
This study has shown that between 15% to 22.5% replacement levels,
Cont,..
High performance concrete a set of 7 different concrete mixture were
cast and tested with different cement replacement levels (0%, 2.5%, 5%,
7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15%) of Fly ash (FA) with silica fume (SF) as
addition (0%, 5%,10% , 15%, 25% and 30%) by wt of Cement.
The compressive strength is increased by 13.9% for the replacement of
cement by 10% fly ash and 5% silica fume mix.
Split tensile strength is increased by 12.15% for the replacement of
cement by 15% fly ash and 7.5% silica fume mix.
Flexural strength increased by 16% for the replacement of cement by
15% fly ash and 7.5% silica fume mix.
Effects on compressive strength when cement is partially
replaced by fly-ash (2013), Aman Jatale, Kartikey Tiwari,
Sahil Khandelwal
To study the effect of partial replacement of cement by fly -
ash, studies have been conducted on concrete mixes with 300
to 500 kg/cum cementious materials at 20%, 40%, 60%
replacement levels. In this paper the effect of fly-ash on
workability, setting time, density, air content, compressive strength,
modulus of elasticity are studied.
Cont,..
Based on this study compressive strength v/s W/C curves have
been plotted so that concrete mix of grades M 15, M 20,M 25
with difference percentage of fly-ash can be directly designed.
By replacing cement with a material of pozzolanic characteristic,
such as the fly ash, the cement and the concrete industry together
can meet the growing demand in the construction industry as well
as help in reducing the environmental pollution.
To study the impact of partial replacement of cement by fly
ash on the properties of concrete, experiments were conducted
on different concrete mixes.
Effect of micro silica on the strength of concrete with ordinary
portland cement (2012), Verma Ajay, Chandak Rajeev and
Yadav R.K.
Silica fume increases the strength of concrete more 25%. Silica
fume is much cheaper then cement therefore it very important
form economical point of view.
Silica fume is a material which may be a reason of Air
Pollution this is a byproduct of some Industries use of micro
silica with concrete decrease the air pollution.
SOURCE OF MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED
Cement
Fly Ash
Silica Fume
River Sand
Coarse Aggregate
Water
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Fine aggregate
River sand conforming to Grading zone II
Specific gravity of fine aggregate – 2.60
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate – 3.29
Coarse aggregate
Coarse Aggregates are Crushed angular granite metal from a local
source was used.
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate – 2.70
water absorption -0.5%.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT AND
ADMIXTURES
Property/ Composition Cement Fly Ash Silica Fume
Specific Gravity 3.15 2.23 2
Standard Consistency 31% - -
30 min
Initial setting time (Min) - -
Final setting time (Min) 360 min - -
Powder form Powder form
Physical form -
Class - F -
MIX DESIGN
Mix design is done using IS10262-2009 code method.
Grade of cement – OPC 53
Grade of concrete – M20
WATER CEMENT FINE COARSE
AGGRAGATE AGGREGATE
197litres/m3 394 kg/m3 670 kg/m3 1135 kg/m3
W/C ratio 0.55 1.00 1.7 2.88
BEAM DETAILS
Beam is designed as under reinforced section.
Size of beam is 1800x125x200mm.
3nos of 12mm ϕ rods as bottom reinforcement.
2nos of 10mm ϕ rods as top reinforcement.
Stirrups – two legged 8mm dia rods at 150 mm c/c.
SPECIMENS PREPARED
Cube size 150x150 x150 mm
Concrete specimen 150 x 150 x 150 mm cubes were cast with different
proportions 25%F.A-5%S.F, 20%F.A-10%S.F, 15%F.A-15%S.F and
10%F.A-20%S.F. For each proportion three specimens were cast.
Beam size – 1800x125x200 mm
Reinforced Concrete specimen 1800 x 125 x 200 mm beams were cast
with different proportions 25%F.A- 5%S.F, 20%F.A-10%S.F, 15%F.A-
15%S.F and 10%F.A-20%S.F. single beam were cast for each varying
proportion.
COMPRESSION TEST
The specimen of size 150mmx150mm
x150mm were cast and cured for 28
days.
The cube specimens were tested in the
Compression Testing Machine of
capacity 2000kN.
The average compressive strength of
three cube specimens gives the
compressive strength of the specimens
in 28 days curing.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULTS
Days Controlled 25% FA & 20% FA & 15% FA & 10% FA &
mix 5% SF 10% SF 15% SF 20% SF
7 15.67 17.23 17.01 16.53 15.72
28 26.5 29.53 28.42 27.33 26.72
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
35
30
Compressive strength (MPa)
25
20
7 days
15
28 days
10
0
0 25% FA & 5% SF 20% FA & 10% 15% FA & 15% 10% FA & 20%
SF SF SF
Different percentage of fly ash and silica fume
DISCUSSION OF CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
By comparing the values which are obtined in compressive strength, it
is concluded that the mix fly ash 25% and silica fume 5% is found to be
optimum.
The cube compressive strength of 25% fly ash and 5% silica fume is
17.23 for 7 days and 29.53 for 28 days.
The optimum silica fume replacement percentage was varied from 5%
to 10% replacement level.
Compressive strength decreased when the cement replacement was
FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST FOR RC BEAMS
The standard sizes of the specimens are 15x15x70cm. If the
largest nominal size of the aggregate does not exceed 20 mm,
specimens 180x12.5x20cm may be used.
This ensures that top and bottom surfaces of the beam are
parallel so that loading is uniform across the width.
Loading is applied through 2 rollers, each at a distance of L/3
from the supports on either side. - Apply the loading without
shock and increase at a constant stroke rate (0.02mm/min).
LOADING SETUP FOR FLEXURE TESTING
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF LOADING FRAME
FLEXURAL STRENGTH RESULTS ON BEAMS
[Link] Fly ash Silica fume Flexural load Flexural strength of 28
content % % (kN) days (mpa)
1 0 0 9.47 3.41
2 20 10 19.58 7.05
3 25 5 18.67 6.72
4 15 15 17.86 6.42
5 10 20 16.58 5.97
8
Flexural strength of 28 days (MPa)
4 Flexural Strength
0
0 20% FA & 10% 25% FA & 5% 15% FA & 15% 10% FA & 20%
SF SF SF SF
Different percentage of fly ash and silica fume
DISCUSSION OF BEAM FLEXURAL STRENGTH
By comparing the values which are obtined in flexure strength, it is
concluded that the mix fly ash 20% and silica fume 10% is found to
be optimum.
The cube flexural strength of 20% fly ash and 10% silica fume is
19.58 for 28 days is 7.05 Mpa.
DISSCUSSION OF CRACKING PATTERN
Various types of cracks may occurs in reinforced concrete beam.
There are 4 different percentage of fly ash and silica fume are used.
The 25% fly ash and 5% silica fume of reinforced concrete beam is shear
failure, cracks in concrete beam due to increased shear stress.
The 20% fly ash and 10% silica fume of reinforced concrete beam is
flexural failure, cracks due to increased bending stress in beam.
The 15% fly ash and 15% silica fume of reinforced concrete beam is
flexural compression failure, failure occurs at the point of maximum
flexural stress where the compressive strain exceeds its capacity.
The 10% fly ash and 20% silica fume of reinforced concrete beam is
flexural failure.
Load Vs Deflection , Conventional
900
800
700
600
Load (kN)
500 Left
Middle
400 Right
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Deflection(mm)
Load Vs Deflection , 20% fly ash and 10% silica fume
2000
1800
1600
1400
Load (kN)
1200 RIGHT
MIDDLE
1000 LEFT
Series1
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Deflection(mm)
Load Vs Deflection , 25% fly ash and 5% silica fume
1400
1200
1000
Load (kN)
800 RIGHT
MIDDLE
LEFT
600 Series1
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Deflection(mm)
Load Vs Deflection , 15% fly ash and 15% silica fume
1400
1200
1000
Load (kN)
RIGHT
800
MIDDLE
LEFT
Series1
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Deflection(mm)
Load Vs Deflection , 10% fly ash and 20% silica fume
1200
1000
800
Load (kN)
RIGHT
MIDDLE
600 LEFT
Series1
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Deflection(mm)
DISCUSSION OF LOAD VS DEFLECTION
RELATIONSHIP
It is observed that 20% fly ash and 10% silica fume of beam
specimen showed greater load carrying capacity than the
controlled beam.
The first crack load for 20% fly ash and 10% silica fume of beam
specimen is 10.5 kN.
The first crack load for controlled beam specimen is 7.63kN.
CONCLUSION
The optimum value of compressive strength was achieved in 25%
and 5% replacement of fly ash and silica fume. The optimum value
of flexural strength was achieved in 20% and 10% replacement of
fly ash and silica fume.
Addition of Silica Fume can increases the chemical reaction thus
leads to silica gel formation which gives more strength to concrete
at the later ages.
The compressive strength is increased by 7.9 % for the
replacement of cement by 25% fly ash and 5% silica fume mix.
Flexural strength increased by 10.2% for the replacement of
cement by 20% fly ash and 10% silica fume mix.
REFERENCES
Adakhar, “Compatibility of super plasticizer slag added concrete
in sulphate resistance and chloride penetration”, Advances in
Civil Engineering Materials and construction technology, 33, pp
(2001).
Ashis Kumar Beraetal Journal of materials in Civil Engg',
“Compaction characteristics of pond ash”, 19(4), pp 349 -357 (April
2007).
[Link] ,Concrete Technology, Theory and Practice
Indian Standards 10262 – 2009: Recommended Guidelines for
Indian Standards 2386 – 1963: Methods of Test for
Aggregates for Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi
Indian Standards 383 – 1970: Specification for Coarse
and fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete
(Second revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
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