Data Link Protocols

Asynchronous Synchronous
Protocols Protocols
• Xmodem
• Ymodem
• Zmodem
• BLAST
• Kermit Character-oriented Bit-oriented
• Data Link Protocol

~ is a set of specifications used to

implementation the data link layer

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• Data Link Protocol
—Asynchronous protocol
~ treat each character in a bit stream
independently
—Synchronous protocol
~ take the whole bit stream and chop it into
characters of equal size

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Asynchronous Protocols
• Long, long…time ago
• Not complex and easy to implement
• Slow
• Required start/stop bit and space
• Now mainly used in modem
 Replaced by high speed synchronous

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11.1 Asynchronous protocol
~ used primarily in modems, feature
start and stop bits and variable length
gabs between characters

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Asynchronous protocol(cont’d)
• Xmodem
—Ward Christiansen designed a file transfer
protocol for telephone-line communication
between PCs(1979)
—half-duplex stop-and-wait ARQ protocol
• Automatic repeat request(GSM)

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Asynchronous protocol(cont’d)
• XMODEM frame

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Asynchronous protocol(cont’d)
• XMODEM frame
—SOH(Start of Header) : 1 byte
—Header : 2 byte(Sequence number, check the
validity of sequence number)
—Data(Binary, ASCII, Boolean, Text, etc.) : 128
byte
—CRC : check for error in the data field(CYCLE
Redundacy check)

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Asynchronous protocol(cont’d)
• YMODEM
~ is a protocol similar to XMODEM

—data unit is 1024 bytes

—Two CANs are sent to abort a transmission
—ITU-T CRC-16 is used for error
checking(International Telecommunication
Union )
—Multiple files can be sent simultaneously

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Asynchronous protocol(cont’d)
• ZMODEM( improve the file transfer
protocol)
~ is a newer protocol combining features of both
XMODEM and YMODEM
• BLAST(Blocked Asynchronous Transmission)
~ is full-duplex with sliding window flow control
• Kermit(computer file transfer/management)
~ designed at Columbia University(primarily used
in
the personal computing in the 1980s)
~ is the most widely used asynchronous protocol
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11.2 Synchronous protocol
~ for LAN, MAN, WAN

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Synchronous protocol

• character-oriented protocol
~ frame or packet is interpreted as a series of
characters

• bit-oriented protocol(Control codes are

defined
in terms of bit sequences instead of
characters.)
~ frame or packet is interpreted as a series of bits

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Synchronous Protocols
• Character-oriented protocol
—Based on one byte (8-bit)
—Use ASCII for control character
—Not efficient  seldom used
• Bit-oriented protocol
—Based on individual bits
—One or multiple bits for control
—More efficient

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 11.3 Character-Oriented protocol

~ are not as efficient as bit-oriented

protocols and therefore one now seldom
used(Data are 8-bit characters encoded in
ASCII. Along with the header and the trailer, 2
flags are included in each frame (beginning
and end of frame) to separate it from other
frames. These flags are protocol dependent
characters. )
• popular protocol : BSC(Binary synchronous
communication)
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Character-Oriented
protocol(cont’d)
• BSC(Binary Synchronous Communication)
—developed by ZBM in 1964
—usable in both point-to-point and multipoint
configuration
—support half-duplex transmission using stop-
and-wait ARQ flow control and error correction
—do not support full-duplex transmission or
sliding window protocol

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Character-Oriented
protocol(cont’d)
• ASCII code
~ whatever the system, not all control
characters can be represented by a single
character. Often they must be represented by
two or three characters

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Character-Oriented
protocol(cont’d)
• BSC frame

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Character-Oriented
protocol(cont’d)
• Data frame

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Character-Oriented
protocol(cont’d)
• Control Frame
~ serve three purpose
—establishing connections
—maintaining flow and error control during data
transmission
—terminating connection

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11.4 Bit-Oriented protocol
~ can pack more information into
shorter frames and avoid the transparency
problem of character-oriented protocol

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Bit-Oriented protocol(cont’d)
• SDLC(Synchronous Data Link Control)
~ developed by ZBM in 1975
• HDLC(High-Level Data Link Control)
~ developed by ISO in 1979
• LAPs(LAPS, LAPD, LAPM, LAPX, etc)
~ developed by ITU-T since 1981
• PPP, frame relay
~ developed by ITU-T and ANSI

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Bit-Oriented protocol(cont’d)
• HDLC
—All bit-oriented protocols are related to high-
level data link control(HDLC), which published
by ISO.
—HDLC support both half-duplex and full-duplex
modes in point-to-point and multipoint
configurations
—HDLC can be characterized by their station
types, their their configurations, and their
response modes

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Bit-Oriented protocol(cont’d)
• Station Types

—primary : send commands

—secondary : send response

—combined : send command and response

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Bit-Oriented protocol(cont’d)
• Configuration
~ refers to the relationship of hardware devices
on a link

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Bit-Oriented protocol(cont’d)
• Mode of communication
~ describes who controls the link

—NRM(Normal Response Mode)

—ARM(Asynchronous Response Mode)
—ABM(Asynchronous Balanced Mode)

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Bit-Oriented protocol(cont’d)
• NRM(Normal Response Mode)
—refers to the standard primary-secondary
relationship
—secondary device must have permission from
the primary device before transmitting

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Bit-Oriented protocol(cont’d)
• ARM(Asynchronous Response Mode)
—secondary may initiate a transmission without
permission from the primary whenever the
channel is idle
—do not alter the primary-secondary
relationship in any other way

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Bit-Oriented protocol(cont’d)
• ABM(Asynchronous Balanced Mode)
—all stations are equal and therefore only
combined stations connected in point-to-point
are used
—Either combined station many initiate
transmission with the other combined station
without permission

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Bit-Oriented protocol(cont’d)
• LAP(Link Access Procedure)
—LAPB(Link Access Procedure Balanced)
~ provide those basic control function
required for communication between a DTE and a
DLE
~ used only in balanced configuration of
two device
~ is used in ISDN on B channel
—LAPD(Link Access Procedure for D channel)
~ used in ISDN
~ use ABM(Asynchronous Balanced Mode)
—LAPM(Link Access Procedure for Modem)
~ is designed to do asynchronous-
synchronous conversation, error detection, and
retransmission
~ has become developed to apply HDLC
feature to modems
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