Vocabulary (Synonyms,

Antonyms, Analogies and

Contextual vocabulary)
 Objectives of lecture:-
• How to acquire vocabulary?

• To know about different kinds of words

• How to use vocabulary in different context?

 •Vocabulary refers to the words we
must understand to communicate
effectively

•Agood vocabulary will allow the

reader to formulate more
interesting sentences and avoid
repetition of the same words in one
sentence or paragraph.
Vocabulary
•Language is a powerful tool, and
the better you are at wielding it the
better your results will be. If you
want to engage your audience and
gain their interest, you need to
develop exceptional written
communication skills.
 A big part of improving your writing skills is simply learning how to
improve your vocabulary.

Vocabulary plays an important part in learning to read. Beginning

readers must use the words they hear orally to make sense of the
words they see in print. Kids who hear more words spoken at home
learn more words and enter school with better vocabularies. This
larger vocabulary pays off exponentially as a child progresses
through school.
 Vocabulary
You can also categorize vocabulary into two broad categories
expressive and receptive vocabulary.

Expressive vocabulary refers to the words that we use to

express our thoughts and ideas. That is all the words that we use for
“speaking” and “writing” fall under the expressive category.

Receptive vocabulary, on the other hand, refers to all the

words that you understand while “reading” books or “listening” to
someone speak. In other words, all the words that you process while
receiving information fall under receptive vocabulary. Listening
vocabulary includes all the words that you hear and understand.
Contextual Vocabulary
"Contextual" vocabulary acquisition means learning the
meaning of a word in a text by using clues from the text and
what you already know. You figure out the meaning based on
past knowledge and guesses from previous times you've seen
the word, without using a dictionary or asking others for help.
 •A Synonym is a word that has almost the
same meaning as another word.
•For example, a synonym for beautiful is
stunning:

Synonym • She is a beautiful girl. She is a stunning

girl.

•Examples: big and large unhappy and

sad small and little.
 •Absolute synonyms are words that mean
exactly the same thing; there is no
difference in meaning. You can use
absolute synonyms interchangeably; one
Absolute synonym can replace another without
Synonyms changing the message.
•Examples:

•identical — indistinguishable
•drink — beverage
•insect — bug
 •Partial synonyms are words that mean almost
the same thing, and the differences are only
slight. What separates them can be a degree or
amount, such as the difference
between good and excellent, or one word can
Partial be a specific type of a more general word—the
Synonyms way a puppy is still a dog.
•If you replace a word with its partial
synonym, the meaning changes a little, but the
main message remains the same.
•car — vehicle
•run — sprint
•big — gigantic
 •

Near synonyms are words that have different

meanings, but their meanings are still related.
These words cannot be used interchangeably; if
you replace a word with a near synonym, the

Near message becomes different. However, because

synonyms they’re related, a near synonym could be a better

and more accurate word choice than the
original.
smart — witty
river — creek
hairy — furry
Advantages

Synonyms have two main uses. First, synonyms help in word choice
to find a more accurate match to the meaning you’re trying to
communicate. Second, they help you add more variety in your
writing and avoid using the same word too much.
 •Antonyms are words in the English
Language that means “opposite”. Let’s
understand this with an example; the
antonym of thin is fat. Often most of the
words will have more than one antonym
totally depending on the context.
•For instance, the word Warm could have the
antonym chill or cool.
•Thus, it’s important to choose the right one,
Antonyms for this, you have to make analysis of all the
meanings in detail in order to learn the
appropriate use of antonyms in English
language.
•Cool is used in terms of defining stylish as
well as chill, thus the word cool might be not
a good choice. In order to learn correct usage
of antonyms, you have to possess proper
understanding to its types, which are
mentioned as follows,
Different Types of Antonyms
Antonyms fall within the three categories, namely, Relational
Antonyms, Graded Antonyms, and Complementary Antonyms.

Relational Antonyms: These are the sets of word pairs

which are responsible for showing the relationship between two
opposites such as there can’t be a child without a parent or it’s
either all or nothing. Relational Antonyms wouldn’t exist without
the other. Let’s understand this with the help of following
examples,

· Front: Back

· Uncle: Aunt

· Hello: Goodbye
 Graded antonyms

Graded Antonyms: These are the sets of word pairs which are responsible
for showing variation between the two opposites such as little and big are
antonyms but you will observe a lot of changes before you get to the opposite
meaning.
Let’s understand this with the help of following examples, Huge, Big, little,
bulky, full-size, slight, petite etc., Some other examples are as follows,
Huge, Big, little, bulky, full-size, slight, petite etc,
Some other examples are as follows,
· Sad: Happy
· Healthy: Sick
· Smart: Stupid
 •These are the sets of word pairs that have no
degree of meaning. There is only availability
of two opposite in a possible manner. For
example,
•· Dead: Alive
Complimentary •· Male- female
Antonyms •·On: Off
Thus, while using antonyms; always try to
keep in mind the context behind the word for
which you are looking to use antonyms. In
case you are willing to get advice on how to
use English grammar rules, feel free to visit
Englishleap.com in order to solve your related
queries.
 Homonyms

 Homonyms are words that have the same pronunciation and

spelling, but have different meanings.

 Bat (animal)
Bat (baseball object)
 Can (be able)
Can (put something in container)
 Ball (object)
Ball (dance)
Homographs/ Heteronyms


Homographs are words that have the same spelling, but different pronunciation and
meaning, also called heteronyms.
 Live (living)
Live (of a broadcast)
 Desert (land)
Desert (to leave)
 Close (to shut)
Close (near)
Analogies

•A comparison of two otherwise unlike things based on resemblance of a

particular aspect.

•Ananalogy is a comparison made to show how two different things are similar,
especially in limited ways.

•An analogy is a technique frequently used in literature to explain something by

comparing it to something else (a literary device). There are several types
of analogies you can make.
 •Cause and Effect
•
•Part to Whole

•Location

•Characteristic Quality
Types of
Analogies • Degree

•Function

•Performer and Action

•Performer and Object

•Cause and Effect
• Rain is to umbrella as hungry is to eat. Fire is to smoke as diet is to
lose weight . thirsty : drink :: study : make good grades

•Part to Whole
•monitor is to computer as finger is to hand pitcher is to baseball as
lettuce is to salad student : classroom :: leaf : tree
Location
Fish is to sea as moose is to Forest
spoon: kitchen
Book : bag

Action and Object

What’s the relationship?
BOIL : EGG :: throw : ball
•Performer and Action
•What’s the relationship?
•AUTHOR : WRITE
• Chef : Cook.

•Performer and Object

• Cashier : Cash
• Plumber : Pipe
Function
knife : cut :: pen : write
The function of a knife is to cut, just as the function of a pen is to write.

Degree
chuckle : laugh :: whimper : cry
A chuckle is a little laugh just as a whimper is a little cry .
Characteristic Quality
puppies : furry :: fish : slippery
Puppies are furry, fish are slippery.

Classification
Ballet : dance :: frog : amphibian
Ballet can be classified as a dance just like a frog can be classified as an
amphibian.
  Prefix

 Prefixes and suffixes are short

syllables added to the beginning or end
of words to change their meaning
and/or function in a sentence.

 A prefix is a short morphological unit

that is added to the beginning of a root
word in order to alter its meaning
and/or function. It can be just a single
letter or two to five letters. The Oxford
Learner’s Dictionary defines a prefix
as “a letter or group of letters added to
the beginning of a word to change its
meaning, such as un- in unhappy and
pre- in preheat”.
Suffix

 A suffix, on the other hand, is a

short morphological unit that
follows the root word. In other
words, it is added to the end of
the root word. A suffix can
contain two to four letters. It is
defined as “a letter or group of
letters added to the end of a
word to make another word,
such as -ly in quickly or -ness
in sadness”, according to the
Oxford Learner’s Dictionary.
The most common prefixes are as follows.

Un- (undo, unfold)

Im- (impolite, immature)
In- (intolerant, indisciplined)
Il- (illogical, illegible)
Ir- (irregular, irresponsible)
Re- (redo, reappear)
Dis- (disinterested, disobedient)
Mis- (misunderstand, misinterpret)
Pro- (proactive)
Sub- (subconscious, substandard)
Pre- (preset, predetermine)
Non- (nonexistent, non-violence)
Anti- (antifungal, antiviral)
Post- (postmodern, postoperative)
Inter- (interdependent, interrelated)
The most common suffixes are

-y (honesty, noisy)
-ly (quickly, softly)
-ty (loyalty, sincerity)
-ry (bravery, mockery)
-er (larger, brighter)
-al (parental, bacterial)
-est (fastest, biggest)
-age (usage, breakage)
-ing (trying, binding)
-ful (truthful, fruitful)
-ment (shipment, basement)
-ness (happiness, blindness)
-able (bearable, eatable)
-less (fearless, baseless)
-ship (friendship, internship)
-hood (parenthood, brotherhood)
-sion (conversion, invasion)
-tion (invention, exhibition)
  The use of one word in place of a
lengthy-phrase to make the sentence
structure simpler is known as one
word substitution. With the phrase
replaced, the meaning remains the
same but the statement gets shorter.
They are also known as “Verbatim”, as
One Word Substitution also means to
One Word replace a word without changing the
meaning or its context.
Substitution
Study-related One Word Substitution
One Word Substitution Meaning
1. Calligraphy Decorative handwriting or handwritten
lettering
2. Pathology The scientific study of bodily disease
3. Ornithology Study of birds
4. Geology The study of earth and rocks
5. Graphology The study of handwriting
6. Anthropology The study of human development
7. Theology The study of religion
8. Genocide The killing of the whole race
9. Homicide The murder of one human by another
10. Infanticide The killing of an infant
11. Regicide The killing of a king
12. Filicide The killing of one’s own daughter or son
13. Curator The one is in charge of a museum
14. Chauffeur A person who is employed to drive a private
car
15. Bureaucracy A government ruled by civil servants
THANK
YOU