Atoms

Atom
Atomos - indivisible
•An atom is the building
block of matter.

2
 Atoms are so small that…
• it would take a stack of
about 50,000 aluminum
atoms to equal the www.deckersfoods.com

thickness of a sheet of
aluminum foil from your
kitchen. C-C-C-C-C-… + 999,995 more

• a human hair is about 1 1 trillion atoms 🡪

million carbon atoms wide. .

Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms

• a typical human cell

contains roughly 1 trillion
Just one of these grains

atoms.
 Atoms are so small that…
• a speck of dust
might contain 3x10 12

(3 trillion) atoms.
www.deckersfoods.com

• it would take you

around 500 years to
C-C-C-C-C-… + 999,995 more

count the number of

1 trillion atoms 🡪

.
Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms

atoms in a grain of
salt. Just one of these grains
 Let’s Experiment
In order to try to gain an idea of how small an
atom really is, you will complete the following
activity.
1.Cut a strip of 11 in. paper in half.
2.Discard one half.
3.Cut the remaining piece in half.
4.Continue cutting and discarding the strips
as many times as you can.
5.How many cuts did you make?
 Results
• How many cuts were you able to
make?
• Do you think you could keep cutting
the paper forever? Why or why not?
You would have to cut the paper in half around thirty-one

(31) times to get to the size of any atom.

Atoms
• Smallest possible unit into
which matter can be
divided, while still
-
maintaining its properties.
• Made up of:
+
-
+ + - – protons +

+ – neutrons
-
– electrons -

• The solar system is

commonly used as an
analogy to describe the
structure of an atom
 Atomic Theory
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1.Each element is made up of tiny
indestructible particles called atoms.
2.All atoms of a given element have the
same mass and other properties that
distinguish them from atoms of other
elements. 8
 Section 2.3
Modern Atomic Theory and the Laws that Led to It
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
3. Atoms combine in simple whole number
ratios to form compounds.
4. Atoms of one element cannot change
into atoms of another element. In a
chemical reaction, atoms only change the
way that they are bound together with
9
 The Discovery of the Electron
The Electron
• JJ Thomson (19th century) had
discovered the electron
• Negatively charged, low mass
particle within all atoms.
• So it turns out the atom is not
indivisible after all
10
 Section 2.5

Models of the Structure of the Atom

• JJ Thomson reasoned that
if atoms contain negative
particles then they must also
contain positive charge of
some type that balances out
negative charge because
most atoms are neutral.

11
 The Structure of the Atom
JJ Thomson
(Plum Pudding Model)
• Reasoned that the atom might
be thought of as a uniform
“pudding” of positive charge with
enough negative electrons
scattered within to
counterbalance that positive
charge.
12
 Section 2.5
The Structure of the Atom
Ernest Rutherford (1911)
• Graduate student of J.J.
Thompson
• Father of nuclear physics
• Wanted to test the plum
pudding model of atomic
structure
• New “big thing” in science
13
 The Structure of the Atom
PLANETARY MODEL
• In 1911, Rutherford described
the atom as having a tiny,
dense, and positively charged
core called the nucleus.
Rutherford established that the
mass of the atom is
concentrated in its nucleus.
• Discovered proton
14
 Section 2.5
The Structure of the Atom
PLANETARY MODEL
• ". In 1911, Rutherford described the atom as
having a tiny, dense, and positively charged
core called the nucleus. Rutherford
established that the mass of the atom is
concentrated in its nucleus. The light,
negatively charged, electrons circulated
around this nucleus, much like planets
revolving around the Sun.
15
 Section 2.5
The Structure of the Atom
Discovery of the Neutron

James Chadwick
He had an abundance of knowledge
he had gained from previous
discoveries, which help him discover
the neutron.

16
 Section 2.5
The Structure of the Atom
Discovery of the Neutron
James Chadwick

• Turns out most nuclei also

contain a neutral particle called
the neutron.
• A neutron is similar in mass to a
proton but has no charge. ATOMIC MOdEL
17
The ATOM

18
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons and Electrons in Atoms
• The atom contains:

19
Protons (+)
• Positively charged particles - -

• Help make up the nucleus of -

the atom -
++ +
+ + + -

• Help identify the atom

+ +
-

• Equal to the atomic number - -

of the atom
• Contribute to the atomic
mass +
• Equal to the number of
electrons
Neutrons
• Neutral particles;
have no electric
- -

-
++ +
+ + +
+ +
- charge
-
-

-
• Help make up the
nucleus of the
atom
• Contribute to the
atomic mass
 Electrons (-)
• Negatively charged particles
• Found outside the nucleus of the -

-
-

atom, in the electron orbits/levels; ++ +

each orbit/level can hold a maximum - + + +
+ +
-

number of electrons ( 1st = 2, 2nd = 8, 3rd = 8 -

or 18, etc…) - -

• Move so rapidly around the nucleus

that they create an electron cloud
• Mass is insignificant when compared -
to protons and neutrons
• Equal to the number of protons
• Involved in the formation of chemical
bonds
The Periodic Table
Atomic Number: the number

of protons in the nucleus

2
He
Atomic Symbol

Atomic Mass:

the number of protons and

4.00 neutrons in an atom
Hydrogen (H) Atom
• Notice the one electron in the first orbital

+ =1
-

=0

- =1
+

Even though there are no neutrons present,

Hydrogen is still considered an atom

Oxygen (O) Atom
• Notice the two electrons in the first
orbital/level and the six in the second

+ =8

- -
=8
-

- =8
+
+ +
+
- + + -

+ +

-
-
Sodium (Na) Atom
• Notice the two electrons in the first orbital/level,
eight in the second, and one in the third

= 11 -
+
- -
= 12
-

- = 11
+
+ +
+ -
- + + -

+ +

-
-

-
The Atom’s “Center”
• Protons and neutrons are grouped together
to form the “center” or nucleus of an atom.
Notice that the electrons are not part of the nucleus

-
+
-
+ +

-
Sub-atomic Particles
Size Comparison
(protons, neutrons, electrons, & quarks)

- -
Size in Size in
atoms meters
(m) -

Atom 1 10-10
+
+ +
Nucleus __1__ 10-14 +
- + + -
10,000

Proton ___1___ 10-15 + +

100,000
or
Neutron -
Electron _____1____ 10-18
100,000,00 (at largest)
or 0
- -
Quark
Atomic Number
• The number of protons in the nucleus of an
atom
-

What would be the

atomic number of this

+ -
atom?

- + +
Atomic Mass
• The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s
nucleus
• Expressed in Atomic Mass Units (amu)
– Each proton or neutron has a mass of 1 amu
What would be the mass number of this
-
atom?

+ 🡪3

🡪4
+ -
3 protons + 4 neutrons = a mass

number of 7 amu
+ +
Why did we not account for the electrons when -
calculating the mass number?
Building Atoms

In your notebook, build the following atoms,

and determine their atomic and mass
numbers.

Atoms Protons Neutrons Electrons

Carbon 6 6 6
Berylliu 4 5 4
m
Oxygen 8 8 8
Lithium 3 4 3
Sodium 11 12 11
 Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons and Electrons in Atoms

Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons

• If all atoms are composed of the same subatomic
particles then how can atoms can be different from
each other.
• What makes a carbon atom a carbon atom as
distinct from a gold atom or a copper atom?
• The number of particles
• More specifically, the number of protons.
32
 Section 2.6
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons and Electrons in Atoms

Elements: Defined by Their Number of

Protons
• The number of protons in an atom is called the
atomic number
– Carbon has 6 protons – atomic number = 6
– Sodium has 11 protons – atomic number = 11
– Copper has 29 protons – atomic number = 29
• Identity of an element arises from number of
protons.
33
 Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons and Electrons in Atoms

Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons

• So far 116 elements have been discovered
or synthesized

34
 Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons and Electrons in Atoms
Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
• Each element has
– Unique atomic number
– Unique chemical symbol
• Some of these are based on the English names
– H for Hydrogen He for Helium
• Others are based on the Latin names
– Na for sodium (from the Latin natrium) – atomic number 11
– Sn for tin (from the Latin stannum) – atomic number 50

35
 Atoms in everyday life

• The Importance of Atoms

• Without atoms there would not be a
functioning world. Atoms make up
matter, and matter makes up
everything in the world, with a few
exceptions.

36
 Section 2.6
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons and Electrons in Atoms

Concept Check
• How many protons and electrons in a
neutral atom of

• Lithium (Li)

• Bromine (Br)

37
 Section 2.6
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons and Electrons in Atoms

Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons

• During chemical changes atoms can gain or lose
electrons to become ions (charged atom)
• Metals tend to lose electrons to become
positively charged cations
– Li → Li+ + 1 e –
• Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to become
negatively charged anions
– Br + 1 e – → Br –

38
 Section 2.6
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons and Electrons in Atoms

Concept Check
• How many protons and electrons in the lithium
and bromine ions

• Lithium cation (Li+)

• Bromine anion (Br –)

39
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
The Periodic Table

40
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Mendeleev
• Elements were discovered and purified one at
a time
• Late 1800s scientists started to group
chemicals together that all behaved the same
way
• 1872, Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the 60 know
elements into groups with similar properties
and arranged them in order of increasing
atomic mass

41
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Periodic Table from Mendeleev’s 1869 paper

http://www.aip.org/history/curie/periodic.htm

42
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Superimpose on Modern Periodic Table

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43
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Predictive Power of Mendeleev’s Table
• There are bunch of gaps in Mendeleev’s first
version of the periodic table
• This is because lots of elements had not been
discovered or characterized yet.
• His table was revolutionary and ingenious
because it actually predicted the properties of
elements that had not been discovered yet!

44
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
The Periodic Law
• When the elements are arranged in order of
increasing mass, certain sets of properties recur
periodically Fig. 2.10

45
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Periodic Law and Quantum Mechanical Theory
• The Periodic Law was something that was
observed
– Properties of elements repeat in a periodic way
– It is a law because it describes what happens but
does not attempt to explain why
• About 50 years later the theory of Quantum
Mechanics was presented that explains why the
periodic behavior exists. (Ch 7 and 8)

46
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Periodic Table

Representative Elements

1A – 8A

Transition Elements

1B – 8B

Second numbering system

1 – 18

We will use the 1 – 8 A and B

You are responsible for the names and symbols of the elements
Listed (in pink) on the elements PDFs in the handouts module.
47
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Groups and Periods
On the periodic table,
• elements are arranged according to similar
properties
• groups contain elements with similar
properties in vertical columns
• periods are horizontal rows of elements

48
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Groups and Periods

49
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Classification of Groups

50
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Groups with Specific Names
• Alkali Metals (1A) * Braniac
– Very reactive metals, explode in water, very soft
• Alkaline Earth Metals (2A)
– Less reactive than alkali metals, less soft, found in
higher concentrations in rocks and soil
• Halogens (7A)
– Reactive nonmetals, most are gases at room
temperature
• Noble Gases (8A)
– Non reactive gases

51
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
• The heavy zigzag line separates metals and
nonmetals.
• Metals are located to the left.
• Nonmetals are located to the right. *
• Metalloids are located along the heavy zigzag
line between the metals and nonmetals.
− Aluminum and Polonium are exceptions

• * notice there is one lonely nonmetal on the left

side of the table
52
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

53
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table

Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Metals (most elements)
• Are shiny and ductile (can be pulled into wires) and malleable (can
be hammered into sheets)
• Are good conductors of heat and electricity
• Most are solid at room temperature. Which isn’t?
Nonmetals
• Are dull, brittle, and poor conductors
• Are good insulators
• Solids, liquids or gases and room temperature
Metalloids
• Are better conductors than nonmetals, but not as good as metals
• Are used as semiconductors and insulators

54
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
7 Elements Exist as Diatomic Molecules in their Elemental Forms

55
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Allotropes
• Different forms of a given element.
• Example: Solid carbon occurs in three forms.
• Diamond
• Graphite
• Buckminsterfullerene

56
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Ions and The Periodic Table
• Metals tend to lose electrons in chemical
reaction
– Li → Li+ + 1 e – Lithium cation
• Nonmetals tend to gain electrons in chemical
reactions
– Br + 1 e – → Br – Bromine anion

• In both of these examples only one electron is

gained or lost but this is not always the case,
sometimes 2 or even 3
57
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
How to Predict the Charges of Ions
• Groups 1, 2 and 3 lose 1, 2 and 3
– Metals lose electrons
• Groups 5 – 7 gain 8 minus (group number)
– Nonmetals gain electrons

58
 Section 2.7
Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Learning Check
Predict the charges of ions formed by the
following:
A. Sr

B. Se

C. Cs

59
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Atomic Mass
• Dalton thought that all atoms of the same
element had exactly the same mass
– Not strictly true
– Isotopes have slightly different masses
• We can calculate an average mass of the
atoms of an element
• This is called the Atomic Mass
– Average mass of the isotopes of an element
weighted according to their abundance.

60
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Atomic Mass for Carbon
• When we look at the periodic table, the atomic
mass for carbon is not 12. It is 12.01.
• That is because carbon naturally exists as a
mixture of isotopes.
• The mass of carbon is an average of the
masses of the different isotopes.
• 12
C, 13C and 14C
– All have 6 protons – that is what makes them carbon
– Have 6, 7 and 8 neutrons – that is what makes them
isotopes

61
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Atomic Mass for Carbon

• 98.89% of 12C and 1.11% of 13C

– (14C is negligible)

• 98.89% of 12 amu + 1.11% of 13.0034 amu =

• (0.9889)(12 amu) + (0.0111)(13.0034 amu) =

• 12.01 amu

62
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Learning Check

An element consists of 62.60% of an isotope

with mass 186.956 amu and 37.40% of an
isotope with mass 184.953 amu.

• Calculate the average atomic mass and

identify the element.

63
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Atomic Mass Unit
• It doesn’t make sense to refer to the mass of
an atom in grams – atoms are really small
• So chemists defined the Atomic Mass Unit
• Originally corresponded the the mass of 1H
– Makes sense – smallest atom
• Then for a while is was 1/16 the atomic weight
of a single atom of oxygen
• Both of these roughly corresponded to a
nucleon (particle that makes up the nucleus)
– Either a proton of neutron

64
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Atomic Mass Unit
• Current definition of an atomic mass unit
• One atom of 12C is assigned the mass of
exactly 12 atomic mass units
• So 1 amu = 1/12 the mass of an atom of 12C
• Masses of all other atoms are assigned relative
to this standard.

65
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Average Atomic Mass for Carbon
• Even though natural carbon does not
contain a single atom with mass 12.01, for
stoichiometric purposes, we can consider
carbon to be composed of only one type of
atom with an average mass of 12.01 amu.
• This enables us to count atoms of natural
carbon by weighing a sample of carbon.

66
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Mass Spectrometry
• So 1 amu = 1/12 the mass of an atom of 12C
• Masses of all other atoms are assigned relative
to this standard.
• Most accurate method to determine atomic
mass is mass spectrometry.

67
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Mass Spectrometry
1) Vaporize sample
2) Ionize sample – create positive ions
3) Electric field accelerates particles
4) Ions are deflected in magnetic field

68
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Mass Spectrometry
• How does deflection of
ions help us determine
atomic mass?
– Large ions deflected the least and
small ions deflected the most
– Amount of defection is an
indication of relative size
– To get a measure of absolute size
the samples are always compared
to a standard that is mixed into
the sample

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69
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Mass Spectrometry
• When 12C and 13C are analyzed 13C is deflected
slightly less (more massive)
• The degree of deflection of ions if translated
into a ratio of masses

70
 Section 2.8
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
Mass Spectrometry
How does deflection of ions help us
Fig 2.17
determine the abundance of two
isotopes?
1. The position of each peak indicates the
atomic mass
2. The intensity of the peak indicates the
relative abundance of the two isotopes
• Each peak is a percentage of the total intensity

71
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Counting by Weighing
• When we count by weighing we use the
average mass of an individual object in a
sample
• The average mass of the object allows us to
behave as though they were all identical.

72
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Average Mass of an Atom
• The Atomic Mass is expressed in amu – atomic
mass units
– Atomic mass of carbon is 12.01 amu
– Atomic mass of helium is 4.003 amu
– Atomic mass of sodium is 22.99 amu

73
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
The Mole: A Chemist’s Dozen
• Samples of matter contain enormous numbers
of atoms
• So just like we needed a special unit for the
mass of an atom (amu), we need a unit for a
collection of atoms

74
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
The Mole: A Chemist’s Dozen
• Can’t use a dozen or a hundred
• The unit we use is the Mole
• The number of carbon atoms in exactly 12
grams of 12C
• This number was determined to be 6.022 x 10 23
C atoms (Again from mass spectrometry)
• Avogadro’s number
– After the first scientist who estimated it

75
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
The Mole: A Chemist’s Dozen
• A mole is both a Number of particles and a Mass

• Mole is a Number of particles

• A mole is a unit just like a dozen
• 1 dozen = 12 of something
• 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles

• Mole is also a Mass

• A dozen eggs has a mass ~ a pound or so
• Mass of a mole in grams = to atomic weight in amu *

* See the Proof called “The Mole” on the website 76

 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
The Mole: A Chemist’s Dozen
• This means that a mole of any element has a mass in grams
that is equal to its atomic weight in amu.

• Carbon 12.01 amu/atom 12.01 g/mole 6.022 x 1023 C atoms

• Helium 4.003 amu/atom 4.003 g/mole 6.022 x 1023 C atoms

• Sodium 22.99 amu/atom 22.99 g/mole 6.022 x 1023 C atoms

77
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Problem Solving
• So out of all these numbers and equations there are
only two things you need to remember in order to
solve problems

• 6.022 x 1023 particles/mole Avogadro’s

number

• Grams/mole = amu/atom From periodic

table

78
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them

One-Mole Quantities

79
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Converting between number of Moles and Number of Atoms
• How many atoms in 2.50 moles of carbon?

• How many moles in 5.25 x 1025 atoms of

Helium?

80
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Learning Check
• How many atoms in 7.50 moles of argon?

• How many moles in 7.35 x 1026 atoms of

sodium?

81
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Converting between Mass and Amount (Number of Moles)
• What is the mass (in grams) of 0.535 moles of
copper?

• How many moles are in 1.22 g of potassium?

82
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Learning Check
• What is the mass (in grams) of 2.88 moles of
iron?

• How many moles are in 25 g of calcium?

83
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Converting between Mass and Number of Atoms
• How many gold atoms are in in a solid gold ring
that weighs 25.0 g

• What is the mass of a sample of 2.5 x 10 27

silicon atoms

84
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them

Learning Check

• Determine both the number of moles and the

number of atoms in 25.0 g of calcium.

85
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Learning Check

• Determine the number of atoms in 5.50 μg of lead

86
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Learning Check

• Determine the number of moles and the mass of

1.00 x 1022 atoms of silicon.

87
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Conceptual Connection
• Without doing any calculations determine which
sample contains the most atoms
• A. 1 g of calcium 40.08 amu
• B. 1 g of nitrogen 14.01amu
• C. 1 g of gold 196.97 amu

88
 Section 2.9
Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
Homework and Review
• Links in Chapter 2 Module
• Review Questions 2 – 11, 13-15, 17, 19, 21-28
• Odd numbered problems 29 – 89 (skip 45, 49, 73,
77, 79)
• Finally – do the Sapling HW – try to do this without
your notes to determine what topics you still need
to review.

89