Anatomy 1

Аnatomical position
- the person is standing upright with
arms to the side with the palms
facing forward and thumbs pointing
away from the body, feet slightly
apart and parallel to each other with
the toes pointing forward and the
head facing forward and the eyes
looking straight ahead.
Body planes are imaginary planes or flat
surfaces that cut through and section
the body in its anatomical position.

• Coronal- vertical plane that divides the

body into anterior (front)
and posterior (back) parts.

• Sagittal plane is also a vertical plane that

splits the body into left and right parts.
A sagittal plane that runs directly
through the midline is also called the
midsagittal plane or median plane.

• The transverse plane is a horizontal

plane. It divides the body
into superior (upper)
and inferior (lower) portions. In
anatomy, they are also referred to as
a cross section
• Bones of the upper limb
• Ossa membri superioris
It consists of four major segments, which are
further subdivided into regions for precise
description:
• Shoulder
• Arm
• Forearm
• Hand
 Ossa membri superioris

• Non- mobile part: (lat. cingulum)

– clavicula
– scapula

• Mobile part: skeleton membri superioris

liberi
– arm
– forearm
– hand
 Shoulder girdle
-Clavicle
-Scapula

Anterior view Posterior view

Posterior view of shoulder girdel and
thoracic cavity
 Clavicle-Collar bone

-elongated, S-shaped bone

-located superior to the first rib and runs horizontally from the manubrium of
the sternum to the acromion of the scapula
-Two surfaces- superior and inferior
-Body and two endings (lateral and medial)

Superior surface Inferior surface

Right clavicle
Superior surface
-has a smooth appearance
-The acromial facet can be seen at the far posterior edge of the acromial end. It
appears as a small flattened oval surface and enables the clavicle to articulate
about the acromion of the scapula in the acromioclavicular joint.
Inferior surface
In contrast, the inferior surface of the clavicle is quite rough and has many prominent lines,
indicating sites where muscle and ligaments may attach to the bone.
-The costal tuberosity, located at the sternal end of the bone- the site where
costoclavicular ligament attaches.
-The conoid tubercle, which is found more laterally towards the acromial end- the site
where the conoid ligament attaches.
-Sulcus musculi subclavii- groove found in the middle of the bone’s inferior surface. From
there, the muscle extends into both lateral and medial areas of the clavicle.
-Trapezoid line – attachment point of the trapezoid ligament, the lateral part of the
coracoclavicular ligament.
Extremities
- broad, flat acromial end;
-round pyramidal-like sternal end

Acromial end of clavicle Sternal end of clavicle

Extremitas acromialis claviculae Extremitas sternalis claviculae
Conoid tubercle of clavicle
Tuberculum conoideum claviculae
Left clavicle- superior surface

Muscle attachments
m. sternocleidomastoideus
[Link]
m. pectoralis major
m. deltoideus
 Left clavicle- inferior surface
Muscle attachments
m. sternocleidomastoideus
m. pectoralis major
m. deltoideus
[Link]
m. subclavius
Ligaments:
Lig conoideum,
Lig trapezoideum
Lig. coracoclaviculare
Side determination of clavicle
How can you distinguish a left clavicle from right?
• Lateral end is flat and thinner and medial end is round and thicker.
• Rough inferior surface
• Medial part of shaft is convex anteriorly while lateral part is concave anteriorly.

The bone is S-shaped, and the curve of the

sternal part is forward-oriented...

The anterior aspect of the right clavicle

 Scapula

The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, is a flat triangular bone located
at the back of the trunk and resides over the posterior surface of ribs two to
seven.
- two surfaces- anterior and posterior
-three borders: superior, lateral and medial
- three angles: superior, inferior and lateral
 Surfaces Anterior: subscapular fossa
Posterior: supraspinous fossa, spine, infraspinous fossa

Spine of the scapula- protruding ridge of bone that unevenly separates the posterior surface into
two divisions: the superior supraspinous fossa and the much bigger, inferior infraspinous fossa.

Anterior view Posterior view

Glenoid cavity (lat. cavitas glenoidalis) or socket along lateral border is a
shallow fossa which articulates with the head of the humerus, forming
the glenohumeral joint.

Left scapula-
lateral view

Anterior, or costal surface of the scapula.

Processes
Along with the spine, there are two more processes:
-the coracoid- beak-like bent, projects anterolaterally from the superior border
Inferior to the coracoid process is the glenoid cavity. Medial to the coracoid process is
the suprascapular notch (for nerve passage) This notch is converted into a foramen by
the suprascapular ligament, and serves for the passage of the suprascapular nerve.

- acromion process- palpable lateral extension of the posterior spine of the scapula which projects
anterolaterally- articulates with the lateral acromial end of the clavicle to make up the
acromioclavicular joint

Suprascapular notch Left scapula-Coracoid process Left scapula- Acromion

The coracoid process allows the attachment of various muscles and ligaments.
The ligaments of the coracoid process are:

Ligaments:
Lig. Coracohumeralis
Lig. Coracoacromialis
Lig. Trapezoideum
Lig. conoideum
 Muscle attachments
m. trapezius
m. deltoideus
m. supraspinatus
m. infraspinatus
m. biceps brachii
m. teres minor
m. teres major
m. rhomboideus major
m. levator scapulae

Left scapula- posterior surface

 Muscle attachments
m. trapezius
m. deltoideus
m. serratus anterior
m. biceps brachii

Ligaments:
Lig. Coracoacromiale

Costal surface
 Humerus
• is the single bone of the upper arm
• It belongs to the so-called long bones, which means it has two distinguishable ends
--the proximal and distal epiphyses and the portion of the bone between these ends is
called the dyaphisis (proximal end, a shaft and a distal end)
• articulates with the scapula proximally at the glenohumeral joint and has distal
articulations with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint.
Shaft
• The proximal half of the shaft is of a cylindrical shape, whereas the distal half is
triangular.
• It consists of three borders known as the anterior, lateral and medial borders.
• The shaft also contains three surfaces referred to as the anterolateral, anteromedial
and posterior surfaces.

Body of humerus
Corpus humeri
-anterolateral surface - between the anterior and
lateral borders. It has a smooth proximal surface
and is largely covered by the deltoid muscle-
deltoid tuberosity around the middle of the
surface.

-anteromedial surface- between the anterior and

medial borders of the shaft/body, beginning
proximally at the floor of the intertubercular
sulcus. It provides attachment for the
coracobrachialis muscle around its mid-
portion, while the distal half of the surface is
largely covered by the medial portion of
the brachialis muscle.

- The posterior surface is bounded by the medial

and lateral borders and is covered mostly by
the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle
Proximal end
- consists of a head, an anatomical neck, surgical neck and the greater and
lesser tubercles.
Head- is a hemispheroidal shape, articulates with
the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

Anatomical neck- is a slight narrowing below the

articular surface of the head

Surgical Neck –narrowing below the tubercles

and it corresponds to the place where the
humerus fractures most frequently occur.

Greater tubercle is the most lateral portion of the

proximal end of the humerus. Muscles that attach:
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor

Lesser tubercle is located anterior to the

anatomical neck. The subscapularis
muscle attaches at this tubercle and
the transverse ligament of the shoulder also
attaches on its lateral part.

Intertubercular sulcus- indentation located

between the two tubercles.
lateral lip-m. pecoralis major
medial lip-m teres major
Distal end
-consists of both articular and non-articular parts
- Articular part- condylus humeri (capitulum humeri
and trochlea humeri)
- Non-articular part- medial and lateral epicondyles

-trochlea articulates with the ulna at the trochlear notch

-capitulum- articulates with the head of the radius
-medial epicondyle- flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus,
flexor carpi radialis,pronator teres
- Lateral epicondyle- brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis
longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorium,
extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, anconeus
Olecranon fossa-deep hollowed area on the posterior surface, superior to the trochlea. In elbow
extension, the tip of the ulnar olecranon process lodges into this fossa.

Coronoid fossa-smaller hollow that is also located superior to the trochlea, but on the anterior surface.
During flexion of the elbow, the coronoid process of the ulna lodges into the coronoid fossa.

Radial fossa- lateral to the coronoid fossa and superior to the capitulum. In full flexion the margin of the
head of the radius lodges into radial fossa

Posterior aspect Anterior aspect

 Fossa coronoidea

Epicondylus lateralis

Epicondylus medialis

Ligamentum annulare
Caput radii

Processus coronoideus ulnae

Tuberositas ulnae

Tuberositas radii
1. Caput
2. Collum anatomicum
3. Tuberculum minus
4. Sulcus Intertubercularis
5. Tuberculum majus
6. Collum chirurgicum
7. Tuberositas deltoidea
1. Fossa radialis

2. Epicondylus lateralis

3. Capitulum

4. Trochlea

5. Epicondylus medialis

6. Fossa coronoidea

7. Fossa olecrani
Forearm
Radius and ulna
-the medial bone of the forearm Ulna
-has three main parts: a proximal end, shaft and a distal end
- The proximal end articulates with the distal humerus and the head of the
radius.
-The distal end, on the other hand, has a head which articulates with the
distal radius.
-The interosseous membrane joins the shaft (body) of the ulna to the shaft
of the radius.

Ulnar shaft

-triangular in cross-section for most of its

length and has three borders (anterior,
posterior and interosseous).
-three surfaces: an anterior, posterior and
medial.
 Proximal ulna
-It bears the olecranon, trochlear notch, coronoid process, radial notch and ulnar tuberosity.
-olecranon is a prominent, proximal projection from the posterior aspect of the proximal ulna- fits into
the olecranon fossa of the distal humerus during extension, preventing hyperextension of the elbow joint.
-The anterior surface of the olecranon is concave and forms the c-shaped trochlear notch- articulates with
the trochlea of the distal humerus
-The lower lip of the trochlear notch projects anteriorly as the coronoid process, which is accommodated
by the coronoid fossa on the anterior aspect of the distal humerus during flexion.
-distal to the coronoid process, the proximal ulna bears the ulnar tuberosity onto which the brachialis
muscle inserts.
- Radial notch- no the lateral aspect of the proximal ulna and just distal to the trochlear notch - articulates
with the circumference of the radial head and forms the proximal radioulnar joint.
Distal ulna
-consists of a head and an ulnar styloid process
-The lateral convex articular surface of the head of the ulna articulates
with the ulnar notch of the distal radius to form the distal radioulnar joint.
-The inferior surface of the head of the ulna articulates with an articular
disc called the triangular fibrocartilage (TFC), which separates the head
from the carpal bones.
 Ulna

1. Olecranon

2. Incissura semilunaris

3. Processus coronoidalis

4. Tuberositas ulnae

5. Incissura radialis

6. Sulcus ulnaris

7. Caput ulnae

8. Processus styloideus
 Radius
-lateral bone of the forearm
-long bone that has three main parts: a proximal end, shaft and a distal end.
-The proximal end has a head which articulates with both the distal humerus and the
proximal ulna, while the distal end articulates with the head of the ulna and carpal bones at
the wrist. The shaft (body) is firmly connected to interosseal border of the ulna by dense
connective tissue called the interosseous membrane.
 Radial shaft

-triangular in cross-section for most of its length

-It is narrow proximally but enlarges towards the
wrist
-three surfaces: an anterior, posterior and lateral
surface
-margo anterior, posterior and interosseus
- interosseous membrane
 Radius
Proximal end
-head, neck and radial tuberosity

The disc-shaped head of the radius bears a concave superior

surface which articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and
forms part of the compound elbow joint.
Additionally, the peripheral aspect of the radial head, called the
articular circumference of the head of the radius, is placed within
the radial notch of the ulna and enwrapped with the annular
ligament, forming the proximal radioulnar joint.

-radial (bicipital) tuberosity- below the neck and medially

oriented- biceps brachii muscle

1. Caput radii
2. Collum radii
3. Tuberositas radii
4. Sulcus radialis
Distal end
-anterior surface is smooth, concave and is angled anteriorly.
-medial surface bears the ulnar notch, a concavity which receives the head of the ulna to
form the distal radioulnar joint.
-lateral surface projects inferiorly as the radial styloid process.
-inferior surface (carpal articular surface) bears two facets which articulate with
the scaphoid and lunate bones of the carpus.
-dorsal tubercle (Lister’s tubercle),on posterior surface which sits between the grooves
that transmit the tendons of forearm muscles.
Supination and pronation
Inferior view- distal forearm
Supination of the forearm is a movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly (in anatomical position) or
palm facing up; in anatomical position, the forearm is supinated and the radius is parallel to the ulna.
Pronation is the opposite movement, causing the palm to face posteriorly or palm facing down and the
radius to cross the ulna like an X.
 Carpal bones
-are eight irregularly-shaped bones located in the wrist region.
-are organized in two rows: proximal and distal.
-proximal row of carpal bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and pisiform bones
-distal row includes the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate bones
Scaphoid bone is the largest carpal bone of the proximal row
-It articulates proximally to the radius, and distally with the trapezium and trapezoid. In
addition, the scaphoid articulates with the lunate and capitate bones.
-has a bony prominence located on its palmar surface known as the scaphoid tubercle;
as it sits subcutaneously the tubercle is easily palpable on the palm of the hand.
 Lunate bone (moon-shaped appearance)- located between the scaphoid and the triquetrum bones.
Proximally, the lunate articulates with the head of the radius (carpal articular surface) and the articular
disc of the distal radioulnar joint, while distally it articulates with the capitate bone.

Triquetrum bone- is a pyramid-shaped bone (its name means three-cornered bone) located on the
medial aspect of the carpus. It articulates with the lunate bone laterally and the hamate bone distally. In
addition, the triquetrum bears an isolated oval-shaped facet on its distal palmar surface for articulation
with the pisiform bone.

Pisiform bone- is a tiny, pea-shaped bone located on the distal palmar surface of the triquetrum bone.
It has a dorsal articular facet for the articulation with the triquetrum. The pisiform is
a sesamoid bone meaning that it is fully embedded in a tendon, more specifically in the tendon of
the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. This bone also lies superficially in the palm and it is easily palpable.
The trapezium -the first and most lateral of the distal row of carpal bones. It forms articulations with the
scaphoid, trapezoid, and 1st and 2nd metacarpals. The trapezium bone has a tubercle and groove on its rough
palmar surface. These bony features provide a site for tendons and ligaments to either pass through or attach.

Trapezoid bone-is a wedge-shaped bone in the distal row of the carpal bones. It forms articulations with the
scaphoid bone proximally, laterally with the trapezium, medially with the capitate and its distal facet allows it to
articulate with the second metacarpal bone.

Capitate bone- is the largest of all the carpal bones. It primarily articulates distally with the 3rd metacarpal
bone. In addition, it forms articulations with the surrounding carpal bones; with the trapezoid, scaphoid, lunate,
and hamate.

Hamate bone-is wedge-shaped and the most medial bone of the distal row. The hamate forms articulations
distally with the 4th and 5th metacarpals, with the capitate laterally and triquetrum proximally.
The main anatomical feature of the hamate bone is the hamulus, an elongated bony structure that projects
from the distal aspect of its palmar surface. The hamulus contributes to the formation of the medial wall of
the carpal tunnel and the lateral wall of the ulnar canal. The hamulus also serves as the attachment point for a
number of different muscles and ligaments of the hand and forearm.
1. Processus styloideus radii

2. Os scaphoideum (naviculare )

3. Os lunatum

4. Os triquetrum

5. Os pisiforme

6. Os trapezium

7. Os trapezoideum

8. Os capitatum

9. Os hamatum

10. Ossa metacarpalia

Ossa digitorum manus s. phalanges

11. phalanges proximales

12. phalanges mediae

13. phalanges distales

14. Processus styloideus ulnae

Dorsal surface
1. Os scaphoideum (naviculare )

2. Os lunatum

3. Os triquetrum

4. Os pisiforme

5. Os trapezium

6. Os trapezoideum

7. Os capitatum

8. Os hamatum

9. Ossa metacarpalia

Ossa digitorum manus s. phalanges

10. phalanges proximales

11. phalanges mediae

13. phalanges distales

Palmar surface
 Metacarpal bones
The metacarpus is a group of five bones of the hand between the phalanges
and the carpus
-they have structural characteristics of long bones; each metacarpal bone
consists of a shaft, distal head and a wide proximal base.
The metacarpal bones articulate with the carpal bones with their proximal ends
(bases), and with the proximal phalanges via their distal ends (heads). They are
labeled with numbers 1-5 going in the radio-ulnar direction.

The head of each metacarpal has a convex

articular surface that faces distally and
articulates with the base of the
corresponding proximal phalanx at
the metacarpophalangeal joint.
-The first metacarpal articulates with the trapezium. The 1st metacarpal
bone is much shorter and thicker when compared to other metacarpals
-The second metacarpal articulates with the trapezium, trapezoid and
capitate
-The third articulates with the capitate
-The fourth and fifth articulate with the hamate
-The bases of the metacarpals 2-5 also articulate with each other
The phalanges
-long bones because of their structural characteristics;
- each phalanx consists of a shaft, distal head and a proximal base.
-There are fourteen phalanges in each hand; each of the medial four digits has three
phalanges (proximal, middle and distal), while the thumb has only two
(proximal and distal). The phalanges are interconnected by interphalangeal joints
- The nonarticular heads of distal phalanges contain an irregular, curved shaped distal
tuberosity. It serves as an anchor point for the pulps of the digits.