Pakistan's foreign

relations
Pakistan and India relations
Introduction

Geographically India serves as a

neighbour country to pakistan

The overall relations between both are

India believed
hostile, the countries have gone to two
wars, one in 1965 and other in 1971. pakistan is failed
nation, thus
Peace agreement efforts
created issues
and mistrust.
 Important events

• 1949- official ceasefire line in Kashmir

• 1960- Indus water treaty
• 1965- first war between both
• 1966- Tashkent agreement
• 1971- second war
• 1972- Simla agreement
• 1987- Zia ul Haq cricket diplomacy
• 1999- Lahore declaration
How successful has been pakistan maintaining
a relationship with India during 1947 and
1999? Explain your answer. (14 marks)

• What was the Kargil conflict?

• Why did pakistan distrust India so much between 1971
and 1988?
• How successful had been India and pakistan been in
finding a solution to the Kashmir issue between 1947
and 1999? Explain your answer.
 Kashmir issue  What? land issue
 Where? Kashmir
• Land issue between pakistan and India  When?1947
• 1947-1948  Why? partition
• Non officially first war  Who? Pak/India
• Issue resolved by UN agreement
• Still an on going issue

What do you think? What should be the

analysis?
 Kashmir issue  What? land issue
 Where? Kashmir
• Plays a role in Simla  When?1947
agreement.
 Why? partition
• Pak believed 4 mil Muslims
should be part of pak,  Who? Pak/India
• Hari Singh wanted to join Indian
territory
• India took the matters to the
international security council
UN Analysis is:
• But pakistan was successful in Root cause of all issues
India took matters to the UN,
convincing UN, But pak managed to convince UN ergo
Kashmir was declared a disputed
• Kashmir marked as disputed territory, thus relationships worsened
in the early stages.
territory, but misused by India
• Analysis?
First war  Where? India pakistan
border
 When? 1965
• Officially first war  Why? Kashmir
• On Kashmir  Who? India/pakistan
• Then to main cities
• In 1965
• Tashkent agreement
• Nehru and Ayub khan Analysis is:
Due to Kashmir issue.

• IMPACT? Pakistan was successful in defeating

India
However pakistan lost in Tashkent
agreement officially. This deterioted
the relationship already worse from
Kashmir war
  What? war
Second war  Where? border
• Second official war  When?1971
• Independence of Bangladesh  Why? Bangladesh
• Yahya khan, Mujib Ur Rahman,  Who? Pakistan/India
• 1971
• Pakistan military surrender
• 93,000 people and soldiers taken
captive
Analysis is:
• Hundreds of acre of land loss First war without Kashmir,
• Zulfikar came to power, Mukti bahini was supported from
India, Pak lost too many people
• Role of Mukti bahini, Agartala and land, in defence, pakistan had
to surrender. Ergo the relationship
conspiracy turned more heated in between
both
• Impact?
  What? wars
Siachen and Kargil  Where? Siachen/Kargil
 When? 1980/1999
• Kargil was an Indian city  Why? Kashmir/glacier
• April 1999, Muslim guerillas
 Who? Pak/India
crossed LOC and captured Kargil
• Pakistan denied role of military
• In result, in may 1999, India fired
250,000 shells
• Issue taken to UNSC again, this Analysis is:
Local forces were successful in
time Musharraf had to withdrew capturing Kargil and dares but India
responded by launching shells,
forces from Kargil, pakistan had to response back but
Musharraf had to withdrew forces so
• Impact? Pakistan lost eventually, and
relationship worsened between both
again.
  What? wars
Siachen and Kargil  Where? Siachen/Kargil
 When? 1980/1999
• Kashmir issue root cause of all wars,  Why? Kashmir/glacier
rivalry
• Siachen was un occupied glacier  Who? Pak/India
• No marked territory
• India sent 300 troops under colonel
Kumar, and captured Siachen
• Pakistan also sent troops, to mark
territory and capture posts Analysis is:
Root cause is Kashmir again.
• Natural disasters India was successful in capturing the
glacier and pakistan could not recover the
loss, plus many casualties due to
avalanches etc, thus pakistan could take
no further action, war became the last
straw for the relationship and
relationships grew hostile again.
  What? peace
4 SAARC conf
th
treaty
 Where? pakistan
• Held in era of Benazir Bhutto  When?
• Pakistan held 4th saarc conference
 Why?
• Many members including Indian
priminister Rajiv Gandhi  Who? Benazir and
• Meeting was held successfully Rajiv Gandhi
• After meeting, talks with India
continued
Analysis is: Benazir successfully
• 3 peace deals with Indian managed to hold the conference
priminister. successfully and even better, she
managed to sign 3 peace treaties.
Thus the relationship progressed
towards peace and stability.
Simla agreement  What? peace treaty
 Where? Simla
• Cause? Independence of  When? 1972
Bangladesh  Why? War of 1971
• Purpose? Peace talk and release  Who? Indira and Zulfikar
captives and land
• Zulfikar ail Bhutto, priminister and
president of Pakistan
• Indira Gandhi, priminister of India
• 93,000 captives released Analysis is: due to efforts of Zulfikar
• Freed acres of land Bhutto, pakistan successfully
restored captives and land, even
• Pakistan recognised Bangladesh, after facing a drawback in 1971.
Thus the relationship between both
• Agreement signed to not discuss grew better after 71 war.
Kashmir matter internationally
 Cricket diplomacy  What? Cricket match
 Where? Jaipur
• On going military tensions  When? 1987
• Main personalities?
 Why? tensions
• Zia ul Haq, president and
priminister of pakistan
 Who? Ranjhiv Gandhi
and Zia ul Haq
• Ranjhiv Gandhi, prime minister of
India
• Cricket match in Jaipur
• Zia came to visit for the match
• In 1987 Analysis is: pakistan managed to
cool down tensions between india,
• Impact? after round of successful talks. The
relationship turned more peaceful
between both.
 Lahore declaration  What? peace deal
 Where? Lahore
• bilateral agreement  When? 1987
• Main personalities?
 Why? nuclear
• Nawaz sharif, and priminister of
tensions
pakistan  Who? Atal Bihari and
• Atal Bihari, prime minister of Nawaz shareef
India
• peace deal in Lahore.
• In 21 Feb. 1999
• Avoid use of nuclear arsenals Analysis is: pakistan managed to
overcome tensions between India,
• Ending nuclear race about nuclear artillery after round of
successful talks. The relationship
• Impact? turned more peaceful between both.
Conclusion and analysis
think for minute and
analyse your self, Positives were: Weight the positives
• What were the positives of • Simla agreement and negatives, and
India pakistan relation? • Tashkent agreement see if it the
• What were the negatives of • Lahore declaration relationship was a
India pakistan relations? • Cricket diplomacy success or no?
• If we weight them both, Negatives were:
• Simla had a huge
which side is heavier? • Kashmir issue
• Which event/s had THE impact,
• 1965 war
• Both wars had a
MOST impact on the • 1971 war
relationship? huge impact
• Siachen issue and Kargil
• tk ag? • Kashmir issue was
war
a huge impact
So overall? Successful or
………
Any questions?

Thank you for your time,

I hope u understood, and I
hope I made this topic
easier for you. otherwise ……….. :)