1

Introduction to Electronic
Communication

Engr. Pablo Barrac Asi, RECE, MEng

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Topics Covered in Chapter 1

 1-1: Significance of Human Communication
 1-2: Communication Systems
 1-3: Types of Electronic Communication
 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

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Topics Covered in Chapter 1
(continued)
 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
 1-6: Bandwidth
 1-7: A Survey of Communication Applications
 1-8: Jobs and Careers in the Communication Industry

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COMMUNICATIONS

Refers to the
sending, reception
and processing of
information by
electrical means

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1-1: Significance of
Human Communication

 Communication is the process of exchanging

information.

 Main barriers are language and distance.

 Contemporary society’s emphasis is now the

accumulation, packaging, and exchange of
information.

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1-1: Significance of
Human Communication
 Methods of communication:
1.Face to face
2.Signals
3.Written word (letters)
4.Electrical innovations:
 Telegraph
 Telephone
 Radio
 Television
 Internet (computer)
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DATES EVENTS

1830 American scientist and professor Joseph Henry transmitted the first
practical electrical signal .

1837 Samuel Finley Breeze Morse invented the Telegraph and patented it
in 1844.

1843 Alexander Bain invented the facsimile.

1847 James Clerk Maxwell postulated the Electromagnetic Radiation

Theory.

1860 Johann Philipp Reis, a German who produces a device called

Telephone that could transmit a musical tone over a wire to a distant
point but incapable of reproducing it.

1864 James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist established the Theory of

Radio or Electromagnetism which held the rapidly oscillating
electromagnetic waves exist and travel at through space with the
speed of light.
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1875 Thomas Alba Edison invented Quadruplex telegraph, doubling

existing line qualities.
J. M. Emile Baudot invented the first practical Multiplex Telegraph
and another type of telegraphy codes which consisted of pre –
arranged 5 - unit dot pulse.
A. C. Cowper introduced the first Facsimile Machine or writing
telegraph using a stylus.

1876 Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson invented the

Telephone capable of transmitting voice signals (March 10).

1877 Thomas Edison invented the Phonograph.

1878 Francis Blake invented the Microphone Transmitter using platinum

point bearing against a hard carbon surface.

1882 Nikola Tesla outlined the basic principles of radio transmission and
reception.

1887 Heinrich Hertz detected electromagnetic waves with an oscillating

circuit and establishes the existence of radio waves.

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1889 Hertz discovered the progressive propagation of electromagnetic

action through space using a spark – gap wave generator, to
measure the length and velocity of electromagnetic waves and their
direct relation to light and heat as their vibration, reflection, refraction
and polarization.

18790 Almon Strowger introduced the dial – switching system

transmitting the desired telephone number electrically without the
assistance of a human telephone operator.

1895 Marchese Guglielmo Marconi discovered ground – wave radio

signals.

1898 Guglielmo Marconi established the first radio link between England
and France.

1901 Reginald A. Fessenden transmits the world’s first radio broadcast

using continuous waves. Marconi transmits telegraphic radio
messages from Cornwall, England to Newfoundland, first successful
transatlantic transmission of radio signals.

1904 John Ambrose Fleming invented the Vacuum Tube Diode.

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DATES EVENTS 10

1906 Reginald Fessenden invented Amplitude Modulation (AM).

Lee De Forest added a grid to the diode and produced triode.
Ernst F. W. Alexanderson invented the Tuned Radio Frequency
Receiver (TRF) an HF Alternator to producing AC contributing to
better voice broadcasting.

1907 Reginald Fessenden developed the Heterodyne Receiver.

1918 Edwin H. Armstrong invented the Superheterodyne Receiver.

1923 J. L. Baird and C. F. Jenkins demonstrated the transmission of Black

and White Silhouettes in motion. Vladymir Zworykin and Philo
Farnsworth developed television cameras, the Iconoscope and the
Image Detector. The first practical television was invented in 1928.

1931 Edwin Armstrong invented the Frequency Modulation, greatly

improving the quality of the signals.

1937 Alec Reeves invented the Pulse Code Modulation for digital
encoding of PCM signals.
1945 Arthur C. Clarke proposed the use of satellites for long distance
radio transmissions.
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1946 AT&T introduced the first mobile telephone system for the public
called the MTS (Mobile Telephone System).
1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley introduced
the bipolar junction transistors which started a new trend in radio
receiver design; December 4.
1951 First transcontinental microwave system began operation.

1954 J. R. Pierce showed how satellites could orbit around the earth and
effect transmission with earth stations.
1957 Troposcatter Radio Link was established between Florida and Cuba
by using antennas and high powered transmitters to force microwaves
beyond LOS obstructed by earth’s curvature bulge.
Russia launched Sputnik I, the first active earth satellite, capable of
receiving, amplifying and retransmitting information to earth stations.

1958 Jack Kilby developed the first Monolithic Integrated Circuit

Semiconductor chip with active and passive elements.
1959 Robert Noyce invented the Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit
(VLSIC).
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1962 AT&T launched Telstar I, the first satellite to received and transmit
simultaneously. A year later, Telstar II was launched and used for
telephone, TV fax and data transmission .

1965 COMSAT and INTELSAT launched the first communications satellite

code name Early Bird at approximately 34000 km above sea level.

1967 K. C. Kao and G. A. Bockam of Standard Telecommunications

Laboratories in England proposed the use of cladded fiber cables as
new transmission medium.

1977 First commercial use of optical fiber cables

1983 Cellular telephone networks introduced.

1991 Tim Berners – Lee developed World Wide Web (WWW).

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1-2: Communication Systems

 Basic components:

 Transmitter
 Channel or medium
 Receiver

 Noise degrades or interferes with transmitted

information.

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1-2: Communication Systems

Figure 1-2: A general model of all communication systems.

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1-2: Communication Systems

Transmitter
 The transmitter is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that converts the electrical
signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a
given medium.

 Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers,

tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency mixers,
frequency synthesizers, and other circuits.

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1-2: Communication Systems

Communication Channel
 The communication channel is the medium by which
the electronic signal is sent from one place to another.
 Types of media include
 Electrical conductors
 Optical media
 Free space
 System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for sonar).

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1-2: Communication Systems

Receivers
 A receiver is a collection of electronic components and
circuits that accepts the transmitted message from the
channel and converts it back into a form understandable
by humans.
 Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, tuned
circuits and filters, and a demodulator or detector that
recovers the original intelligence signal from the
modulated carrier.

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1-2: Communication Systems

Transceivers
 A transceiver is an electronic unit that incorporates
circuits that both send and receive signals.
 Examples are:
• Telephones
• Fax machines
• Handheld CB radios
• Cell phones
• Computer modems

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1-2: Communication Systems

Attenuation
 Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all media
of wireless transmission. It is proportional to the square
of the distance between the transmitter and receiver.

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1-2: Communication Systems

Noise
 Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that
enters the communication system via the
communicating medium and interferes with the
transmitted message.

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1-3: Types of Electronic
Communication
 Electronic communications are classified according
to whether they are
1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or half
duplex) transmissions
2. Analog or digital signals.

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1-3: Types of Electronic
Communication
Simplex
 The simplest method of electronic communication is
referred to as simplex.
 This type of communication is one-way. Examples are:
 Radio
 TV broadcasting
 Beeper (personal receiver)

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1-3: Types of Electronic
Communication
Full Duplex
 Most electronic communication is two-way and is
referred to as duplex.
 When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is
called full duplex. The telephone is an example of this
type of communication.

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1-3: Types of Electronic
Communication
Half Duplex
 The form of two-way communication in which only one
party transmits at a time is known as half duplex.
Examples are:
 Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
 Citizen band (CB)
 Family radio
 Amateur radio

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1-3: Types of Electronic
Communication
Analog Signals
 An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously
varying voltage or current. Examples are:
 Sine wave
 Voice
 Video (TV)

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1-3: Types of Electronic
Communication

Figure 1-5: Analog signals (a) Sine wave “tone.” (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal.
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1-3: Types of Electronic
Communication
Digital Signals
 Digital signals change in steps or in discrete
increments.
 Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes.
Examples are:
 Telegraph (Morse code)
 Continuous wave (CW) code
 Serial binary code (used in computers)

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1-3: Types of Electronic
Communication

Figure 1-6: Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW)
code. (c) Serial binary code.
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1-3: Types of Electronic
Communication
Digital Signals
 Many transmissions are of signals that originate in
digital form but must be converted to analog form to
match the transmission medium.
 Digital data over the telephone network.
 Analog signals.
 They are first digitized with an analog-to-digital (A/D)
converter.
 The data can then be transmitted and processed by
computers and other digital circuits.

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1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

 Modulation and multiplexing are electronic

techniques for transmitting information efficiently from
one place to another.
 Modulation makes the information signal more
compatible with the medium.
 Multiplexing allows more than one signal to be
transmitted concurrently over a single medium.

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1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

Baseband Transmission
 Baseband information can be sent directly and
unmodified over the medium or can be used to
modulate a carrier for transmission over the medium.
 In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is placed on
the wires and transmitted.
 In some computer networks, the digital signals are
applied directly to coaxial or twisted-pair cables for
transmission.

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1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

Broadband Transmission
 A carrier is a high frequency signal that is modulated by
audio, video, or data.
 A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an electromagnetic
signal that is able to travel long distances through
space.

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1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

Broadband Transmission
 A broadband transmission takes place when a carrier
signal is modulated, amplified, and sent to the antenna
for transmission.
 The two most common methods of modulation are:
 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Another method is called phase modulation (PM), in
which the phase angle of the sine wave is varied.

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1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

Figure 1-7: Modulation at the transmitter.

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1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

Figure 1-8: Types of modulation. (a) Amplitude modulation. (b) Frequency modulation.
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1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

Broadband Transmission
 Frequency-shift keying (FSK) takes place when data
is converted to frequency-varying tones.

 Devices called modems (modulator-demodulator)

translate the data from digital to analog and back again.

 Demodulation or detection takes place in the receiver

when the original baseband (e.g. audio) signal is
extracted.

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1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

Multiplexing
 Multiplexing is the process of allowing two or more
signals to share the same medium or channel.
 The three basic types of multiplexing are:
 Frequency division
 Time division
 Code division

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1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

Figure 1-11: Multiplexing at the transmitter.

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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
 The range of electromagnetic signals encompassing
all frequencies is referred to as the electromagnetic
spectrum.

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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum

Figure 1-13: The electromagnetic spectrum.

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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength: Frequency
 A signal is located on the frequency spectrum according
to its frequency and wavelength.
 Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive wave
that occur in a given period of time.
 A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals,
current reversals, or electromagnetic field oscillations.
 Frequency is measured in cycles per second (cps).
 The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).

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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength
 Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle of a
wave and is usually expressed in meters.
 Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an
electromagnetic wave during the time of one cycle.
 The wavelength of a signal is represented by the Greek
letter lambda (λ).

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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum

Figure 1-15: Frequency and wavelength. (a) One cycle. (b) One wavelength.
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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength
Wavelength (λ) = speed of light ÷ frequency
Speed of light = 3 × 108 meters/second
Therefore:
λ = 3 × 108 / f
Example:
What is the wavelength if the frequency is 4MHz?
λ = 3 × 108 / 4 MHz
= 75 meters (m)

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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz
 The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into segments:

Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF) 30–300 Hz.

Voice Frequencies (VF) 300–3000 Hz.
Very Low Frequencies (VLF) include the higher end of the
human hearing range up to
about 20 kHz. (3 kHz – 30 kHz)
Low Frequencies (LF) 30–300 kHz.

Medium Frequencies (MF) 300–3000 kHz

AM radio 535–1605 kHz.

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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz

High Frequencies (HF) 3–30 MHz

(short waves; VOA, BBC
broadcasts; government and
military two-way communication;
amateur radio, CB.
Very High Frequencies (VHF) 30–300 MHz
FM radio broadcasting (88–108
MHz), television channels 2–13.
Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) 300–3000 MHz
TV channels 14–67, cellular
phones, military communication.

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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz
Microwaves and Super High 3–30 GHz
Frequencies (SHF)
Satellite communication, radar,
wireless LANs, microwave ovens

Extremely High Frequencies (EHF) 30–300 GHz

Satellite communication, computer
data, radar

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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Optical Spectrum
 The optical spectrum exists directly above the
millimeter wave region.
 Three types of light waves are:
 Infrared
 Visible spectrum
 Ultraviolet

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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Optical Spectrum: Infrared
 Infrared radiation is produced by any physical
equipment that generates heat, including our bodies.
 Infrared is used:
 In astronomy, to detect stars and other physical bodies in the
universe,
 For guidance in weapons systems, where the heat radiated
from airplanes or missiles can be detected and used to guide
missiles to targets.
 In most new TV remote-control units, where special coded
signals are transmitted by an infrared LED to the TV receiver to
change channels, set the volume, and perform other functions.
 In some of the newer wireless LANs and all fiber-optic
communication.
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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Optical Spectrum: The Visible Spectrum
 Just above the infrared region is the visible spectrum
we refer to as light.
 Red is low-frequency or long-wavelength light
 Violet is high-frequency or short-wavelength light.
 Light waves’ very high frequency enables them to
handle a tremendous amount of information (the
bandwidth of the baseband signals can be very wide).

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1-5: The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Optical Spectrum: Ultraviolet
 Ultraviolet is not used for communication
 Its primary use is medical.

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1-6: Bandwidth
 Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum occupied by a signal.

 Channel bandwidth refers to the range of

frequencies required to transmit the desired
information.

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1-6: Bandwidth
More Room at the Top
 Today, virtually the entire frequency spectrum between
approximately 30 kHz and 300 MHz has been spoken
for.
 There is tremendous competition for these frequencies,
between companies, individuals, and government
services in individual carriers and between the different
nations of the world.
 The electromagnetic spectrum is one of our most
precious natural resources.

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1-6: Bandwidth
More Room at the Top
 Communication engineering is devoted to making the
best use of that finite spectrum.
 Great effort goes into developing communication
techniques that minimize the bandwidth required to
transmit given information and thus conserve spectrum
space.
 This provides more room for additional communication
channels and gives other services or users an
opportunity to take advantage of it.

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1-6: Bandwidth
Spectrum Management and Standards
 Spectrum management is provided by agencies set up
by the United States and other countries to control
spectrum use.
 The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
and the National Telecommunications and
Information Administration (NTIA) are two agencies
that deal in spectrum management.
 Standards are specifications and guidelines necessary
to ensure compatibility between transmitting and
receiving equipment.

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1-7: A Survey of
Communications Applications
 Simplex
 AM and FM  Paging services
broadcasting  Navigation and
 Digital radio direction-finding
 TV broadcasting services
 Digital television (DTV)  Telemetry
 Cable television  Radio astronomy
 Facsimile  Surveillance
 Wireless remote control  Music services
 Internet radio and
video
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1-7: A Survey of
Communications Applications
 Duplex
 Telephones  Family Radio service
 Two-way radio  The Internet
 Radar  Wide-area networks
 Sonar
(WANs)
 Amateur radio
 Metropolitan-area
 Citizens radio
networks (MANs)
 Local area networks
(LANs)

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1-8: Jobs and Careers in the
Communication Industry
 The electronics industry is roughly divided into
four major specializations:
1. Communications (largest in terms of people
employed and the dollar value of equipment
purchased)
2. Computers (second largest).
3. Industrial controls.
4. Instrumentation.

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1-8: Jobs and Careers in the
Communication Industry
Types of Jobs
 Engineers design communication equipment and
systems.

 Technicians install, troubleshoot, repair, calibrate, and

maintain equipment.

 Engineering Technicians assist in equipment design,

testing, and assembly.

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1-8: Jobs and Careers in the
Communication Industry
Types of Jobs
 Technical sales representatives determine customer
needs and related specifications, write proposals and
sell equipment.

 Technical writers generate technical documentation for

equipment and systems.

 Trainers develop programs, generate training and

presentation materials, and conduct classroom training.

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1-8: Jobs and Careers in the
Communication Industry
Major Employers
 The communication electronics industry is made up of
the following segments:

 Manufacturers

 Resellers

 Service Organizations

 End users

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1-8: Jobs and Careers in the
Communication Industry

Figure 1-18: Structure of the communication electronics industry.

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