PLEASE SWITCH OFF YOUR MOBILE AND PUT IT ON

SILENT MOOD
BASIC TRAINING OF
SCAFFOLDING
1. Introduction to Scaffolding.
2. Types of scaffolding
3. Scaffolding Components
4. Types of Ties
5. Scaffolding Duties
6. Scaffolding Erection
Procedure
7. Scaffolding Dismantle
procedure
8. Do & Don'ts
 LEARNING OBJECTS
1. WHAT IS SCAFFOLDING
2. RECOGNISE THE NEED FOR SAFE SCAFFOLDING PRACTICES
3. IDENTIFY THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
4. RECOGNISE THE KEY COMPONENTS OF SCAFFOLDING
5. UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
6. METHODOLOGY OF SCAFFOLD ERECTION & DISMANTLING
 REFERENCE

Standard Standard Name Standar Origi Remark

d Years n s
IS 2750 Specification for steel scaffolding 1964 India
IS 3696 Safety code for scaffold & ladder 1987 India
IS 1161 Steel tube for structural purpose 2014 India
IS 4014 Code of practice for steel tubular scaffolding 2013 India
BS 1139 Metal Scaffolding
BS EN 12810 Temporary Work equipment & steel 2003 Europe
&12811 scaffolding
BS EN 74 Requirements and test procedure
WHAT IS SCAFFOLDING?

A temporarily provided structure which provided access or on or which

persons work or which is used to support materials, plant or equipment

Made by tube & Coupler or system scaffold Safe

Access & Egress

Guard rails / Life lines etc….. Load to be specified

 WHERE WE NEED A
SCAFFOLDING?

• Where work cannot be

safely done from the
ground level or from
part of a building or
other permanent
structure. Where we
need scaffold
ARE THEY SAFE?
HOW TO PREVENT THESE UNSAFE ACTS / ACCIDENTS?

• BY PROVIDING A SAFE SCAFFOLD CAN BE PREVENT THESE KIND OF UNSAFE ACTS & FALL
RELATED ACCIDENTS

1. BAMBOO SCAFFOLD

2. METAL SCAFFOLD
Bamboo Scaffold Metal Scaffold
 A R E N O A C C ID E N T S H A P P E N S IN M E T A L S C A F F O L D ?

Comparatively Very less accidents occurred

 REASON FOR THE ACCIDENTS

Scaffolding accidents do happen at site due to various reasons. Major reason for
scaffolding accidents could be due to the following.

Collapse of scaffolding occurs due to the

following,
 Over Loading
 Inadequate / Improper bracing or tying on scaffold
 Improper ground clearance before erecting scaffold
 Plumb out scaffold
 Removal of vital members (in construction site)
 Non compliance of erection and dismantling procedures at site
 Negligence in periodical inspection

Fall of Men & Materials in Scaffolding

due to,

 Absence of guard railing in the platform

 Absence of Toe Guard
 ANY SOLUTION TO PREVENT THESE ACCIDENTS?

By a Safe Scaffolding & followed by seven golden rules all these accidents can
be prevented.

Seven Golden Rules

1. Planning of Job
2. 100% Material inspection
3. Firm Foundations
4. Levelling of scaffolding
5. Square
6. Plumbing
7. Rigid
SAFE SCAFFOLDINGS
 WHY IT IS CALLED SAFE SCAFFOLD?
Safe scaffolds are to be made out of sound materials erected in a proper way. Any safe
scaffold is said to have complied with following points:

 Maintain Proper base to height ratio

 Scaffold foundation should be laid on base plate placed on mud sill
 Ties are provided at all the desired points in the scaffold
 Loading platform to be made so as to distribute the load as per design Scaffold
is in plumb
 All the bracings pass through node points in the scaffold within a foot distance
 All the guardrails and toe board are in the working platform
 Proper access and egress is provided to facilitate the personnel
 Periodical Inspection tag is provided on it
 TYPES OF SCAFFOLDS ( BASIC )
Free Standing Scaffold : A scaffold which is not attached to any other
structure and is stable against overturning on its own account or, if necessary,
assisted by guys or rakers and anchors
Tower Scaffold : A scaffold which has only four standards one line supporting
the outside and the other on the inside.
Independent Tied Scaffold: A scaffold which has two lines of standards, one line
supporting the outside of the deck and one the inside. Simply a scaffold which has two
standards on it’s least dimension and more than two standards on its longitudinal side

Bird Cage Scaffold: A scaffold which has more than two lines of standards on its
longitudinal as well as its transverse

Putlog Scaffold : A scaffold which has one line of standards to support the outside
edge of the deck and utilizes the wall being built or the building to support the inside
edges
 TYPES OF SCAFFOLDS CONT.…

Cantilever Scaffold: A cantilever scaffold is an independent tied scaffold

constructed in accordance with this code but erected on beams cantilevering out from a
building. It is used in cases where it is impracticable or undesirable to found the scaffold
on the ground.

Truss out Scaffold: A truss out scaffold is an independent tied scaffold and not
erected from the ground, but supported by a scaffold structure projecting from the face
of a building or structure

Mobile Scaffold: A scaffold based / supported on the casters wheels, Never more
than 3 times their smallest base dimension(3:1) Restricted height indoor 10m & outdoor-
8.0m. SWL 125kg/m2(max)

Bracket / Tank Builders Scaffold : A scaffold supported by bracket straps

welded to the tank wall. Upright brackets are hooked to the straps

Under hung Scaffold : A Scaffold erect from the elevated level towards ground by
the use of girder coupler, overturning at least must be 3 times, T- Hanger Pipe
500mm(w),Maximum distance between two vertical hanger / member shall be 1.8m
 REVIEW

What is scaffolding?

Where it is needed?

 Why it is needed?

What are the different types of

scaffold?
FREE STANDING SCAFFOLD
TOWER SCAFFOLD
INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD
BIRD CAGE SCAFFOLD
PUTLOG SCAFFOLD
CANTILEVER SCAFFOLDING
TRUSS OUT SCAFFOLD
MOBILE SCAFFOLD
BRACKET / TANK BUILDERS SCAFFOLD
STAIRCASE TOWER

 Installed within a Cup lock tower (Plan area: 1.8m x

3.0m)
 800mm wide stairs with 1.5m or 2.0m lift height.
 Max height of 40m (with suitable ties)
 Safe, effective and suitable for sites with restricted
space
UNDER HUNG SCAFFOLD
WHY IT IS CALLED UN SAFE SCAFFOLD?
OVER LOAD
IMPROPER BRACING
IMPROPER BASE
PLUMB OUT SCAFFOLD
NO GUARDRAILS
NON COMPLIANCE OF PROCEDURE
BASE WIDTH RATIO
SOUND BASE
BREAK
 SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS WITH DETAILS
Sole Plate / Board: A timber , Concrete or metal spreader used to distribute the load
from a standard & base plate to the ground dimension for wooden/laminated veneer
lumber:300mm x 300mm x 38mm thickness & dimension for MS 300mm x 300mm x 6mm
thickness.
Dimension as per BS 12811: 225mm/225mm (width) x 450mm/450mm (length) x
38mm/36mm (thickness) or minimum1000 cm2 area should be covered.
Adjustable Jack: This called universal jacks also, which has used in all system scaffoldings.
(Made : MS Standard: IS 1570 & IS 1367: 1967 & BS EN 12811). Dimension: 150mm x
1500mm x 6/8 thickness & shank height 450mm, 650mm, 750mm, 880mm & 900mm. Load
bearing capacity :40Kn & 74Kn. Adapter height as per bs 12811 should be lifted 150mm,
as per manufacture guidelines can be lifted 1/3 of total height.

Base Plate : Simple type of base plate which has mostly use in tube & fitting scaffolding.
(Made : MS Standard: IS 1570 & IS 1367: 1967 & BS EN 12811) Dimension of base plate
150mm x 150mm x 6mm thickness & shank height : 50mm minimum.

 Axial load capacity : 40Kn

Swivel base Jack, Rocking screw jack : This Type of base jack provides
immense flexibility in all system scaffoldings (Made : MS Standard: IS 1570 & IS 1367:
1967 & BS EN 12811), Dimension: 180mm x 180mm x 8mm thickness. Maximum angle:
45Degree in both direction.

 Load bearing capacity: 57Kn at 45o

Joint pin or spigot pin: Provide connection in vertical manners between two
pipes but doesn’t have used in horizontal manners.

 No capacity in tension , shear strength is 2.1Kn

Board retaining clamps(BRC): This is a non bearing clamps use to secure
boards in tube fitting scaffolding or where putlog platform is provided

 Capacity of this clamps: NONE

Sleeve clamps/ External joint box : This clamps is also being used joint two
tube together, horizontally as this clamps has capacity in tension only 3.1Kn
Right angle clamps (RAC): As this I load bearing coupler, must be used in node
points & where load need to be distributes its also called 90 Degree clamps. (Made drop
forged standard): EN-74. As per EN74 there is two classes of clamps.
 Class A-6.1kn
 Class B-9.1kn ( slip load capacity) Distortions: 15kn

Swivel clamps/Round clamps: As this is a supportive clamps, main use of this clamps is to
provide bracing, this clamp also called 360 Degree clamps. . (Made drop forged standard) EN-
74. As per EN74 there is two classes of clamps.
 Class A-3.24kn
 Class B-5.5kn ( slip load capacity) Distortions: 8kn
Single clamps/Putlog clamps: This is Non bearing clamps, generally used to tie
ladder or putlog pipes in tube & fitting scaffoldings. Made GI Standard BS-1139.

Single side holding capacity – 0.63kn

Splice with swivel coupler: Splice up arrangement is made generally when

vertical joints need to be done with 600mm pipe and four no's swivel clamps

With 600mm pipe and 2+2 swivel clamps below and above used.

Capacity-9.1kn
Beam clamps/Gridder clamps/Grave Lok couplers : There are two use of
this clamps.
 generally providing support to tower scaffold.
 Provide foundation for hanging/slung/suspended scaffolding.

 Capacity of these clamps in pair-30kn &in single 0.0kn

U-head jack/Fixed fork head :Designed to support to over head structure, fixed
with adjustable adapter on top, mostly used for birdcage scaffolding and slap casting
purpose

 Size:200mm length x 180mm Width x 8mm thickness.

 Capacity -74kn
COUPLERS
Unit Beam: Different between unit beam and ladder beam is that ladder beam can’t be joint
together but unit beam Beam can be joint they can be bolted end to end using nuts and bolts.
 Size- 2.4N & 3.6m
 Safe working Load – 10kn

Ladder Beam: Ladder beam is designed to provide support and foundation for
hanging scaffolding which provide immense support and flexibility for overhung
scaffold, Made MS & GI standard : BS En-12810 & 12811.

 Size- 3M & ^m
 Cords- 300mm Gap each.
 Thickness Grade 50C- 3.2mm & 43C-40mm
 SWL-10kn
Platform Boards/ Planked metal hooked and without hooked: Boards
without hook size: 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m, 2.0m, 3.0m (length), 225mm to 300mm (width) & height
32mm to 38 mm used in tube & fitting scaffolding. Boards with hooked size; 0.6m, 0.9m, 1.3m,
1.6m, 1.8m, & 2.5m(length) 230mm to 280mm (width) and 57mm to 68mm height used in cup lock
system scaffolds.

 SWLT-220kg
Ladder Access: Portable ladder used for providing access on scaffolding
 Size:- 3.0m, 4.0m, 5.0m & 6.0m.
 Distance between two rungs:- 16.75”(Max) & width of ladder 11.5”(Min)
 As per IS-3696 standard 300mm rungs gap and 300mm width of ladder and thickness of rungs is
20mm(Min)
 Bottom rungs of ladder not more than 24” above the scaffold supporting level.
 Angle-75degree or 4 to 1 rule.
 On soft ground use sole plate.
 04M ladder – 01 mid tie
 0.6m ladder -03 mid tie.
 SWL- 120Kg

Platform Distance from Ladder Size

Height scaffold
2.0M 500mm 3.0M
3.0M 750mm 4.0M
4.0M 1000mm 6.0M
Ladder Drop Gate/safety Gate/Swing Gate: Ladders are provided internal
and external in both condition safety gate /Swing gate/ swivel gate must be provided for
safe access on platform and for preventing fall of persons.

Fixed Gate / Drop Swing Gate/ Size: Swing Gate

Gate 750(W)
Toe Guard/ Toe Boards: An up stand and edge of a platform intend to prevent materials
or operatives feet from slipping of platform.

Minimum Height of toe guard / Toe Boards- 1500mm.

Maximum capacity: Horizontally and any downwards forced: 50 pounds (23kg)
Cup lock Vertical Member/ standard: Cup Lock standard with cup on bottom
and swivel lock on top which has uniform distance between two cups is 500mm,

 Bottom Cup- 80mm

 Top Cup- 420mm
 Joint on top-150mm
 In size 1.0m, 1.5m, 2.0m, 2.5m & 3.0m.
 Shearing Strength of cup-26kn
 IS 1161 & BS 12811
Cup lock ledger / Horizontal member: Cup lock ledger is used in horizontal
manner or tighten between cup and lock, which comes with blades on both ends with different
size: 0.6mm, 0.9mm, 1.3mm, 1.8mm and 2.5mm.

 Shear strength capacity is -17kn

Uniformly Distributes load capacity –

1. 1.3M – 8.0kn
2. 1.8 & 2.5m – 6.37kn
 TRANSOM
Main Transoms

These act as board bearers

INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM
NEEDLE TRANSOM
Hop-Up bracket for cantilevered support platform: Designed to provide fixed
support cantilevered platform in cup lock scaffolding system to increase overall width of platform to
working face as close as possible with minimum two or three boards support.

Size: 2Boards – 580mm , 3Boards – 850mm

BS EN – 12810 & 12811

Safe Working load

 2 working boards -1.5kn/m2
 3 working Boards – 0.75kn/m2

Single Board Support: Designed to give single board support inside the scaffolding
platform and towards working face.

Size:- 260mm(width)
SWL:-0.9kn UDL if 2.5m Bay : 3.0kn/m2
Tube Pipe 40NB Pipe for use in scaffolding : Made Ms/ GI Standard Is -
1161: 1963 & BS EN 12810 & 12811

1. Nominal Bore -40mm

2. Outer Día – 48.3mm
3. Length- 0.5m to 6.0m

Thickness Classifications
4. Class A- 2.9mm
5. Class B- 3.2mm|1 meter pipe-3.56kg|
6. Class c- 4.0mm |1 meter pipe-4.36kg|

To fulfil requirement there will be conformity test certificate shall be given by

manufacture.
Caster Wheel stud with lock system: Generally used for erecting mobile tower
scaffolding for cup lock and tube & fitting scaffolding, made rubber & steel.

Wheel dimension:- 200mm

1. Rubber caster wheel – 270kg
2. Steel caster wheel - 730kg
Gin Wheel: Generally used for lifting scaffolding components like Pipes, Vertical,
Board etc.

The safe working loads is stamped on gin wheel by manufacture.

SWl-250kg Lifting load should be not more than 50kg

Manila rope: Use for lifting material

Dia-18mm

Nylon Rope 18mm:

WIRE ROPE -12MM
LIFTING BAG: GENERALLY USED FOR
LIFTING CLAMPS ON HEIGHT .
 Question for Revision

1.What is scaffolding?
2.What is the ratio of scaffolding?
3.Types of scaffolding?
4.What is the capacity of Double clamps class-B?
5.How many types of clamps are there in scaffolding?
6.What is the dimension of caster wheel?
7.What is the role of swing gate/ drop gate in scaffolding?
8.What is the slip load capacity of Grave lock coupler in
pairs?
9.Where we need scaffolding?
10.What is the capacity of lifting bag?
 TYPES OF TIES
Box tie:- Most important tie and majorly used in scaffolding for providing support is box tie, it
is assembly of tube and couplers fixed around column and any fixed structure number it is to be
fixed at the scaffold platform
Lip Tie: This is a L shaped arrangement of tube and couplers hooked scaffold behind
building elements
Double Lip Tie: It is a U shaped arrangement of tubes and coupler to hook scaffold
at both sides of structure.
Prop Tie: An assembly of telescopic props and / or scaffold tube jacked or wedged
between the floors of a story inside a building and including a tie tube.
Reveal Tie : The assembly of a reveal tube with wedges or screwed fittings, and pads,
if required, fixed between opposing faces of an opening in a wall together with the tie
tube
Through Tie : A Tie assembly through a window or other opening in a wall
Screw / Anchor Tie: An assembly of nuts, bolts, anchors, rings or tubes fixed into
the surface of a building
•Butting Tie: Generally used in
confined space scaffolding such as
boiler, vessels, tank or some time
where there building adjacent to each
and scaffold has to erected in
between, Butting can be done by
using adjustable base jacks or swivel
base jacks in each directions
BUTTING TIE
Return & buttress: Where nothing is provided
as means ties, majorly on construction site then return
and buttress towers or supporting structure must be
provided in 4:1 ratio only
Raker : An Inclined load bearing tube.

65degree
 Out Rigger

1:3.5
2 2 2 2
Meter Meter Meter Meter
1 Meter
Guys : Tension members (i.e. wire ropes) used between the scaffold and the ground,
building or structure to enhance the scaffold’s lateral stability.
 DUTIES IN SCAFFOLD

LOAD CLASS DUTY UNIFORLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON PLATFORM

1 Very light duty 0.75kN/m2 (Nominally 75Kg/m2 )
2 Light Duty 1.50kN/m2 (Nominally 150Kg/m2 )
3 General purpose 2.00kN/m2 (Nominally 200Kg/m2 )
Duty
4 Heavy Duty 3.00kN/m2 (Nominally 300Kg/m2 )

When the scaffold is in use, it can only have one working platform (main platform) carrying
the full service load shown above for its class and one working platform (above or below
the main platform) carrying 50% of the service loads shown above for its class.

Scaffolds can be erected with a maximum of 2 inside boards. These inside boards of the
basic scaffold must be very light duty (0.75kN/m2 ) and used for access only. The
Maximum spacing for board transoms is 1.2m for Load classes 1 - 3 and 0.9m for load
class 4 (Heavy duty)
For more detailed information as regards the above notes, refer to the Table on the next
page
LOAD CLASS
Node Point : The 300 mm vertical & horizontal area where the Ledger & Transom
coupled. (Simply the area intersection point of Ledger & Transom)
Bay : The space between the centrelines of adjacent posts (standards) along the face
of a scaffold.

Bay Length : The horizontal, longitudinal distance between centres of two adjacent
posts (standards). Scaffolding Length : The length of a scaffold between its extreme
standards, sometimes designated by the number of bays Scaffolding Height : The height
measured from the foundation to the to
 Base / Foot / Kicker Lift

A lift erected near the ground

level at 150 mm from top of the
base plate level

What is the purpose of a Kick Lift?

To avoid bowing or displacement of the
standards kick lift is provided
Bowing & Displacement of
Standards
LOAD

8
3
Lift Height:-Why we say Lift height should
be only 2 M?
Exception:-
Incase of an emergency exit at the first lift, the lift height can go up
to 2.7 Meter. But again 2nd lift onwards, it will be 2.0 Meters. only

E M E RG E N C Y
EXIT

GE
ER
EM
Y
NC T
X I
E

8
5
 TYPES OF BRACING
Brace : A tube placed diagonally with respect to the vertical or horizontal members of a
scaffold and fixed to them to afford Integrity.

Longitudinal Brace : A brace generally in the plane of the longer dimension of

the scaffold.
Facade / Face Brace : A brace parallel to the face of a building. (35o to 55o)

Transverse Brace : A brace generally in the plane of the shorter dimension of the
scaffold.

Knee Brace : A brace across the corner of an opening in a scaffold to stiffen the
angles or to stiffen the end support of a beam. (35o)

Ledger Brace : A brace at right angles / width to the scaffolding on the ledgers to
ledgers
Plan Brace : A brace in a horizontal plane
WHY SCAFFOLD COLLAPSES . . ?
POSSIBLE REASONS

1.Foundation
2.Lack of Kick Lift
3.Braces
4.Base Ratio
 FOUNDATIONS

Standard not positioned properly Base on unstable support

on The ground (Base plate missing)
KICK/BASE LIFT

To avoid bowing or displacement

of the
standards kick lift is provided. The
maximum
distance should be 150 mm from
top of
base plate
 BRACES

A device that holds one scaffold

member
in a fixed position with respect
to
another member

Scaffold is vertically braced of

all directions to the full height of
the scaffold Horizontal (Plan)
braces are installed on tower
and mobile scaffolds
 LONGITUDINAL BRACING

•Diagonal braces installed in the plane of the longer dimension

(length) of the scaffold. Diagonal braces connect more than two
standards
ZIG ZAG BRACING IN TUBE & FITTING
SCAFFOLD

Diagonal braces placed end to end and

that alternate back and forth
 TRANSVERSES BRACE/ DOG LEG BRACE

Shorter dimension

•Diagonal braces installed in the plane of the shorter dimension (widt

of the scaffold
PLAN BRACE

This brace is used with right angle couplers

mainly in towers at the bottom of the
scaffold and every alternate working
platform
A brace in a horizontal plane
 WHY FALLS OCCURS ?

1. Poor Working Platform

2. Improper Access

3. Incomplete Guard Rail

System
 POOR WORKING PLATFORM

Damaged Boards used All working or landing All scaffold boards

on platform. platforms should be should
Intermediate transom minimum three boards wide be secured to the
not provided transoms
with suitable fittings
 OVERHANG & SPAN OF BOARDS

Minimum overhang of a scaffold board shall be 50

mm and a maximum of 150 mm

Planks supporting span shall not be more

than 1.5mtrs apart
OVERHANG OF SCAFFOLD BOARDS
 GUARD RAIL SYSTEM

Guard Rail : A barrier consisting of top rails, mid rails, toe boards and supporting
uprights, erected to prevent the users from falling off an elevated work area and to
prevent objects from falling onto workers.

Top Rail – The uppermost horizontal rail of a guard rail system.

Mid Rail – A horizontal rail approximately midway between the top rail of a guard rail
system and the platform

Toe Board - A barrier secured along the sides and the ends of a platform to guard
against the falling of material, tools and other objects.

Mesh Guard Mesh Guard – A mesh / net provided on guard rails to prevent the
material falling
Top rails, mid rails and toe boards
installed on all open platform sides
and ends. Top rails are between 0.95
m (38”) and 1.15m (45”) above all
platform. Top rails, mid rails and toe
boards are fixed to the inside of the
support posts

Top – Rail maximum capacity: Horizontally

and any downwards forced: 200pounds
(90.71kg)

Mid – Rail maximum capacity: Horizontally

and any downwards forced: 150 pounds
(68.o3kg)
WHY NEED MID RAIL & TOP RAIL ON SCAFFOLD
Step- 1 ADVANCE GUARDRAIL SYSTEM

• Boards are installed in the 1-meter level lift . Harness is connected on the top lift before
gaining access to temporary platform.
Step- 2 WORK AT HEIGHT – SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK.

• Without disconnecting harness. You are now safe behind a single guardrail. Install
handrails to your next level.
MESH GUARD
 DO DON’TS

Make sure a component person has inspect the Don’t use the scaffold if guard rail is missing or
scaffold before you go up. planks attempt to replace structural components
with blocks or box
Wear a hard hat whether you work on or under a Keep debris or unnecessary materials on a
scaffold scaffold where some one can trip over them or
accidentally knock them off the platform
Be sure to wear sturdy shoes with non- slip soles Hit a scaffolding with a anything heavy truck,
as well forklift, load of lumber etc
Use a personal fall arrest system whenever Leave material and equipment on the platform
required end of the day
Watch out for a co-workers on the scaffold as well Use an outdoor scaffold in stormy or windy
as people below weather or if it’s covered with ice or snow
Always use common sense when working on any Don’t move or rock scaffolding when some one is
scaffold and move around slowly and carefully standing on it.
Ask a supervisor if you’re not sure if a scaffold or Don’t stand on ties, guard rail & extensions.
working condition are safe.
SCAFFOLDING PICTURES
Final picture of scaffold
 SCAFFOLD TAGGING

All scaffold shall be tagged out

“COMPLETE”, “INCOMPLETE”,
“DANGER - DO NOT USE”
 THANK YOU

ANY QUESTIONS