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CH3

The document discusses ionization energy, defining the first and second ionization energies and their significance in determining electronic configurations and group classifications of elements. It explains the order of energy levels in subshells and the maximum number of electrons allowed in each, while also touching on the complexity of d orbitals and their shapes. Additionally, it highlights the influence of nuclear charge on ionization energy across a period.

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16 views96 pages

CH3

The document discusses ionization energy, defining the first and second ionization energies and their significance in determining electronic configurations and group classifications of elements. It explains the order of energy levels in subshells and the maximum number of electrons allowed in each, while also touching on the complexity of d orbitals and their shapes. Additionally, it highlights the influence of nuclear charge on ionization energy across a period.

Uploaded by

malekamireh0888
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Principal quantum

Shell
Or
Energy level
Evidence for electronic structure

• Ionisation energy, ΔHi

• The energy has to be supplied to form an ion by


knocking out one electron from each atom.

• The 1st ionisation energy of an element is the


energy needed to remove one electron from
each atom in one mole of atoms of the element
in the gaseous state to form one mole of
gaseous 1+ ions. [3]
1st ionisation energy.

• The 1st ionisation energy of an element is the


energy needed to remove one electron from
each atom in one mole of atoms of the
element in the gaseous state to form one
mole of gaseous 1+ ions. [3]
• The 2nd ionisation energy of an
element is the energy needed to
remove one electron from each
ions 1+ in one mole of the
element in the gaseous state to
form one mole of gaseous 2+
ions. [3]
Three factors that influence ionisation
energies
• We can use successive ionisation energies in
this way to:
• Predict or confirm the simple electronic
configuration of elements.

• Confirm the number of electrons in the outer


shell of an element and hence the group to
which the element belongs.
• In any principal quantum shell, the energy of
the electrons in the subshells increases in the
order s < p < d.

• The maximum number of electrons that are


allowed in each subshell is: s = 2 electrons, p =
6 electrons, d = 10 electrons.
Ground State: The lowest energy state of an atom or
other particle
Noble
gas core
• Group, Period?

• Period = number of shell


• Group = number of electrons in the outer shell.
At which block do these
belong?
• The d orbitals are more complex in shape and
arrangement in space. In 1925 Louis de Broglie
suggested that electrons behaved like waves. This
led to the idea of electron probability clouds. The
electron probability cloud for one type of d orbital
is very strange – it is like a modified p orbital with a
ring around the middle (Figure 3.8). You will not
need to know the d-orbital shapes at AS level, but
you will for A level when studying the transition
elements (see Chapter 24).
Cr = 24
Cu= 29
• Cr : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

• Cu : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2


1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

If s is filled, and d needs one electron to


become half filled or filled, transfer electron
from 4s to 3d.
Same shielding, same
distance, increasing
nuclear charge from left
to right. (within period)
Li He
1
2
D

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