The Periodic table
By Chemist Heba Akl
Development of the Periodic Table
Periodic Table: A table of elements arranged in the order of increasing proton
number
1.Law of Triads
• Atomic mass of middle element is the midway between the weights of other
two elements.
– Doberinier.
• Calcium, Strontium, Barium
• Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine
• Lithium, sodium, potassium.
Development of the Periodic Table
Law of Octaves
• John Newlands, an English chemist,
arranged the 56 known elements in
order of increasing atomic weight.
• every eighth element in the series
was similar.
H Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K
Development of the Periodic Table
Mendeleev’s periodic table
• Mendeleev arranged all the 63
known elements in order of
increasing atomic weight.
• elements with similar properties
were in the same vertical column.
• He called the vertical columns
groups and the horizontal rows
periods
Development of the Periodic Table
The Modern Periodic Table:
• The 118 known elements are
arranged in order of
increasing proton number.
• Those elements with similar
chemical properties are
found in the same columns
or groups.
• There are eight groups of
elements.
Group
• Elements with similar chemical
properties are found in the
same columns or groups.
• There are eight groups of
elements.
• The first column is called
Group I;
• the second Group II; and so on
up to Group VII.
• The final column in the
Periodic Table is called Group 0
(or Group VIII).
Group
• Group I: The alkali
metals
• Group II: The alkaline
earth metals
• Group VII: The halogens
• Group 0: Inert gases or
noble gases
• Between Groups II and
III : The transition
elements
Periods
• The horizontal rows are
called periods .
• these are numbered 1–7
going down the Periodic
Table
• The elements on the left
are metals and those on
the right are non-metals
(fewer than one-quarter).
• The elements which lie on
this dividing line are
known as metalloids
The properties of the elements (trends )
across a period of the Periodic Table
• Gradual change from metal
to non-metal
• An increase in the number
of electrons in the outer
energy level of the element.
• A change in the structure of
the element, from giant
metallic in the case of
metals (e.g. magnesium,
through giant covalent (e.g.
diamond, to simple
molecular (e.g. chlorine.
Electronic structure and the Periodic
Table
• The outer electrons are mainly responsible for the chemical
properties of any element,
• therefore, elements in the same group have similar chemical
properties
• The metallic character of the elements in a group increases as
you move down the group.
• This is because electrons become easier to lose as the outer
shell electrons become further from the nucleus.
Electroni
c
structure
and
the
Periodic
Table
Group I – the alkali
metals
• Group I consists of the five metals lithium, sodium, potassium,
rubidium and caesium, and the radioactive element francium.
• Lithium, sodium and potassium are very reactive metals and
they are stored under oil to prevent them coming into contact
with water or air.
• They are good conductors of electricity and heat.
• They are soft metals. Lithium is the hardest and potassium the
softest.
• They are metals with low densities.
• They have low melting points
Chemical properties
Action in air:
• They(group 1) burn in oxygen or air, with characteristic flame colours, to
form white solid oxides.
• Lithium burn in oxygen or air, with red flame, to form white
solid oxides.
4Li(s) + O2(g) → 2Li2O(s)
• These Group I oxides all dissolve in water to form alkaline
solutions of the metal hydroxide.
Li2O + H2O → 2LiOH
Action with water:
• They react vigorously with water to give an alkaline solution of the
metal hydroxide as well as producing hydrogen gas
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
• Of these three metals, potassium is the most
reactive towards water , followed by
sodium and then lithium
Group VII – the halogens
• Group VII consists of the four elements fluorine, chlorine,
bromine and iodine, and the radioactive element astatine
• These elements are coloured and darken going down the
group
Group VII – the halogens
• They exist as diatomic molecules, for example Cl2, Br2 and I2
• They react with hydrogen to produce the hydrogen halides, which
dissolve in water to form .acidic solutions
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
2HCl + H2O → H+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
• They react with metals to produce ionic metal halides,
2Fe(s) + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
Displacement reactions
• If chlorine is bubbled into a solution of potassium iodide, the less reactive
halogen, iodine, is displaced by the more reactive halogen, chlorine
17
Uses
• Fluorine is used in the form of fluorides in drinking water and
toothpaste because it reduces tooth decay by hardening the
enamel on teeth.
• Chlorine is used to make PVC plastic as well as household
bleaches. It is also used to kill bacteria and viruses in drinking
water.
• Bromine is used to make disinfectants, medicines and fire
retardants.
• Iodine is used in medicines and disinfectants and also as a
photographic chemical.
Group 0 – the noble gases
• Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and the radioactive element radon
make up a most unusual group of non-metals, called the noble gases.
• They were all discovered after Mendeleev had published his periodic
table.
Properties
• They are colourless gases.
• They are monatomic gases – they exist as individual atoms, for example
He, Ne and Ar.
• They are very unreactive.
• An alternative name for Group 0 is Group VIII
Compounds of inert gases
• No compounds of helium, neon or argon have ever been found.
• However, more recently a number of compounds of xenon and
krypton with fluorine and oxygen have been produced, for
example XeF6.
Uses
• Argon - is the gas used to fill light bulbs to prevent the tungsten
filament reacting with air.
• Neon is used extensively in advertising signs and in lasers
Transition elements
• They are harder and stronger
than the metals in Groups I and
II.
• They have much higher
densities than the metals in
Groups I and II.
• They have high melting points
(except for mercury, which is a
liquid at room temperature).
• They are less reactive metals.
• They form a range of brightly
coloured compounds
• They are good conductors of heat
and electricity.
• They show catalytic activity as
elements and compounds.
• For example, iron is used in the
industrial production of ammonia
gas (Haber process).
• They do not react (corrode) so
quickly with oxygen and/or water
• They form simple ions with more than one
oxidation state.
For example,
copper forms Cu+ (Cu(i)) and Cu2+ (Cu(ii)), in
compounds such as Cu2O and CuSO4
• They form more complicated ions with high
oxidation states.
For example,
chromium forms the dichromate(vi) ion,
Cr2O72−, which contains chromium with a
+6 oxidation state
The position of hydrogen
