NATIONAL GHG INVENTORY REPORT

for First Biennial Update Report (BUR1) and

First Biennial Transparency Report (BTR1)
of Nepal

Climate Change Management Division (CCMD)

Ministry of Forests and Environment
Singhadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Association for Development of Environment and

People in Transition-Nepal (ADAPT-Nepal)
JV
International Conservation Development Partnership
Incorporated (ICDPI)
National GHG Inventory
Development Team
Team Leader
Late Prof. Amrit Man Nakarmi, PhD

Thematic Experts Research associates

• Bhupendra Das, PhD – Waste • Jyotsana Dhungana
• Bijay Bahadur Pradhan, PhD – IPPU • Sanjaya Rajbhandari
• Sristi Khanal
• Chet Raj Upreti, PhD – Livestock
• Khem Raj Dahal – Agriculture
• Nabin Bhattarai, PhD – Land Use and Forestry Research Assistant
• Utsav Shree Rajbhandari, PhD Scholar – Energy • Rashika Pandit
Contents
• Background
• National GHG Inventory
• Sectoral GHG Inventory
• Methodology and assumptions
• Sectoral results
• National trend and analyses
• Emission Projection
• Recommendations
• Conclusions
Introduction
• A comprehensive and accurate National Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Inventory is an essential tool for understanding a country's
contribution to global climate change.
• It provides the foundational data needed to assess emissions and
removals of greenhouse gases, serving as a baseline for tracking
progress toward climate goals, identifying mitigation opportunities,
and informing policy and planning.
• In addition, the GHG inventory supports international reporting
obligations and enhances transparency and accountability in climate
action.
Objectives
• To present a detailed GHG inventory of Nepal, covering recalculation
of emissions from 1994 to 2011, development of inventory from 2012
to 2022 and finally projections up to 2050.

• This National GHG Inventory Report (NIR) estimates and reports a

total of three (3) gases emitted and CO2 removed from five (5) sectors
occurring in Nepal’s territory over the inventory period.
• The GHG covered by the inventory are:
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• The five sectors encompassed by the inventory are
• (i) Energy,
• (ii) Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU),
• (iii) Agriculture,
• (iv) Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (FOLU), and
• (v) Waste.
National Institutional Arrangements on
GHG Inventory System
Methodology
• According to the UNFCCC reporting
guidelines and the MPGs, the methods to
estimate GHG emissions and removals
shall be those of the 2006
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) Guidelines for national
GHG inventories.

• The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC
Guidelines) provide methodologies for
estimating national inventories of
anthropogenic emissions by sources and
removals by sinks of greenhouse gases.
• Some additional important literature/point son methodology
• About GHG inventory Software
National
GHG
Inventory
for 2022
GHG emissions in Nepal - 2022

Agriculture and
Livestocks
40.43%
IPPU
14.91% IPPU
9.95%
AFOLU
10.68%

Energy
62.40%

Energy
Waste 41.61%
Waste
12.01% 8.01%

40,089 Gg CO2-eq 60,112 Gg CO2-eq (excl. LU-

LUCF)
 National GHG Inventory for 2022
Emissions Net GHG Emissions
(Gg) (CO2 equivalent (Gg))
Categories CO2 CH4 N2O
Total National Emissions and Removals (293.31) 1,235.85 21.81 40,089.82
1 - Energy 13,567.62 383.42 2.68 25,014.29
1.A - Fuel Combustion Activities 13,567.62 383.42 2.68 25,014.29
2 - Industrial Processes and Product Use 5,975.65 - 0.01 5,978.17
3 - Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (19,916.21) 733.12 13.86 4,283.07
3.A - Livestock - 650.00 1.98 18,723.50
3.B - Land (20,021.96) - - (20,021.96)
3.C - Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land 105.75 83.12 11.88 5,581.52
4 - Waste 79.62 119.31 5.26 4,814.29
4.A - Solid Waste Disposal - 48.68 - 1,363.11
4.B - Biological Treatment of Solid Waste - 0.32 0.02 13.84
4.C - Incineration and Open Burning of Waste 79.62 1.59 0.02 130.39
4.D - Wastewater Treatment and Discharge - 68.72 5.22 3,306.95
Memo Items*
International Bunkers 230.83 0.00 0.01 232.59
1.A.3.a.i - International Aviation (International Bunkers) 230.83 0.00 0.01 232.59
Information Items - - - -
CO2 from Biomass Combustion 46,128.97 - - 46,128.97
*Excluded from total GHG
Key Category of GHG Inventory

IPCC 1994 Year 2022 Year

% Contribution
Category IPCC Category Greenhouse gas Estimate Estimate
to Trend
code (GgCO2e) (GgCO2e)

3.A.1 Enteric Fermentation CH4 11,399.01 16,686.64 0.22

1.A.4 Other Sectors - Biomass - solid CH4 8,511.46 10,645.40 0.17

3.C.7 Rice cultivation CH4 2,038.02 2,327.34 0.04

2.A.1 Cement production CO2 0.00 5,973.00 0.02

3.A.2 Manure Management CH4 979.88 1,513.33 0.02

1.A.2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction - Solid Fuels CO2 219.69 5,437.14 0.01

3.C.4 Direct N2O Emissions from managed soils N2O 582.69 1,033.50 0.01
Uncertainty Assessment

• Uncertainty evaluations were conducted for all sectors and categories in the GHG inventory, using the IPCC
Tier 1 methodology.
• A 95% confidence interval was applied to quantify potential variations in the reported values.
• The main drivers of uncertainty in GHG emissions are the variability and reliability of two key components:
activity data and emission factors.
• The combined uncertainty for the national GHG inventory was estimated for two key years: the base year
2012 and the end year 2022.
• The overall combined uncertainty was found to be 102.024%. Among the assessed categories, the highest
uncertainty was observed in 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from Managed Soils, with an exceptionally high
uncertainty of 515.28%.
• This indicates significant variability in either the activity data, emission factors, or both for this category.
• In contrast, the lowest combined uncertainty was recorded for [Link] - Domestic Aviation - Liquid Fuels, at
a much lower value of 5%, reflecting higher data accuracy and consistency in this category.
Trends in Greenhouse gas emissions
70,000

60,000

50,000

40,000 ▲% p.a.
30,000
Gg CO2-eq

20,000

10,000

-10,000

-20,000

-30,000
9 94 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Energy IPPU Agriculture and other

Waste Land Use Net GHG Emissions
 70,000

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000
Gg CO2-eq

20,000

10,000

-10,000

-20,000

-30,000
9 94 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

CO2 CH4 N2O

CO2 Emission/Removal from Land Use Net GHG Emissions
Sectoral
Emissions
Energy
IPPU
Agriculture
Livestock
Waste
 Agriculture Sector

Commercial Sector

Transportation

Energy Residential Sector Sector

Sector
Electricity
Generation

Fuel Combustion Activities

Manufacturing
Industries
 Sectors taken
Categor
Category Name Remarks
y Code
1 Energy --
1A Fuel Combustion Activities --
1A1 Energy Industries --
1A1a Main Activity Electricity and Heat Production --
1A1ai Electricity Generation Thermal Plants operated by Nepal Electricity Authority
1A2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction
1A2a Iron and Steel
1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals
1A2c Chemicals Nepal Standard Industrial Classification (NSIC) are as per ISIC
1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 4th revision (2008),
1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco *IPCC categories are as per ISIC 3rd revision (1989)
1A2f Non-Metallic Minerals The categories are grouped as per the classification available in
1A2g Transport Equipment (WECS, 2021a, 2021b, 2022a, 2024)
1A2h Machinery
1A2i Mining (excluding fuels) and Quarrying
1A2j Wood and Wood Products
1A2k Construction
1A2l Textile and Leather
1A2m Non-specified Industry
Category
Sectors taken
Category Name Remarks
Code
1A3 Transport --
1A3a Civil Aviation --
1A3ai International Aviation
Based on fuel sold by Nepal oil corporation
1 A 3 a ii Domestic Aviation
1A3b Road Transportation
1A3bi Cars Car/Jeep/Vans, Tempo
1 A 3 b ii Light-duty Trucks Pickups
1 A 3 b iii Heavy-duty Trucks and Buses Bus, Minibus/Minitruck, Microbus
1 A 3 b iv Motorcycles Motorcycles
1A3e Other Transportation --
1 A 3 e ii Off-road Tractors/Trailers, Cranes, Dozers
1A4 Other Sectors --
1A4a Commercial/Institutional Based on fuel consumption in the sector(WECS, Synopsis, and provincial reports)
1A4b Residential Based on fuel consumption in the sector(WECS, Synopsis, and provincial reports)
1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fish Farms Based on fuel consumption in the sector(WECS, Synopsis, and provincial reports)
1A4ci Stationary Irrigation, Threshers
Off-road Vehicles and Other
1 A 4 c ii Tillers and other farm machinery
Machinery
 GHG Emissions 2022 Gg Co2 Eq
Categories CO2 CH4 N2O Total
1 - Energy 13,567.62 10,735.85 710.82 25,014.29
1.A - Fuel Combustion Activities
1.A.1 - Energy Industries 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02
1.A.2 - Manufacturing Industries and Construction 6,999.82 60.40 79.84 7,140.07
1.A.3 - Transport
1.A.3.a - Civil Aviation 159.16 0.03 1.18 160.37
1.A.3.b - Road Transportation 3,930.51 23.22 52.31 4,006.03
1.A.4 - Other Sectors
1.A.4.a - Commercial/Institutional 352.60 167.01 21.35 540.95
1.A.4.b - Residential 1,205.14 10,483.38 477.95 12,166.47
1.A.4.c - Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing/Fish Farms 380.84 0.95 23.02 404.81
Memo Items (3) - - - -
International Bunkers
1.A.3.a.i - International Aviation (International Bunkers) (1) 230.83 0.05 1.71 232.59
CO2 from Biomass Combustion 46,128.97 - - 46,128.97
Recalculation
18,000

16,000

14,000

12,000
Gg CO2-eq

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

-
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

CO2 CH4 N2O National Communications

2012 - 2022
30,000

25,000

20,000
Gg CO2-eq

15,000

10,000

5,000

-
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

CO2 CH4 N2O

Emission trend – by sector
30,000

25,000
▲% p.a.
20,000
Gg CO2 - eq

15,000

10,000

5,000

-
9 94 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Electricty Generation Manufacturing Industries Transport

Commercial Residential Agriculture
Reference vs Sectoral vs IEA

*2014 value of IEA has been adjusted to 2015 to make the trend comparable. This discrepancy should have arisen due to
difference in reporting for the fiscal year. In Nepal, the fiscal year generally begins on July 16 and ends on July 15 of next year.
 Improvement plans
Sector Activities
Manufacturing  Update data of actual number of industries running and their  Take inventory of in-house electricity generation that is for
Industries and operational capacity self-use and/or sale.
Construction  Take inventory of industries by type of product, technology the  Update on basis of WECS provincial energy reports integration
use and fuel they use  Determined specific emission factors

Transport  Take inventory of actual operational vehicles  Take sample survey on operation (vehicle kilometer, capacity
 Categorize vehicle on a more granular basis (by type of vehicle, used, fuel economy etc., emission)
type of registration, type of engine emission )  Determined specific emission factors
Commercial/  Update on basis of WECS provincial energy reports integration  Determined specific emission factors
Institutional
Residential  Update on basis of WECS provincial energy reports integration  Inventory of type of fuel based cookstoves, heating and other
appliances used
 Determined specific emission factors
Agriculture  Take inventory of machinery used for agriculture (number,  Update on basis of WECS provincial energy reports integration
capacity, operation etc.)
Energy supply  Identify the gaps in the current information recording system  Harmonize the data specific to energy and fuels
 Update energy recording structure and system  Setup disaggregated energy information recording system
 Conduct research on fuel quality and parameters
IPPU Sector
Categories of IPPU Sector in Nepal
2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Action
2A Mineral Industry
2A1 Cement Production ✔
2A2 Lime Production NE
2B Chemical Industry NO
2C Metal Industry
2C1 Iron and Steel Production NE
2D Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use
2D1 Lubricant Use ✔
2D2 Paraffin Wax Use ✔
2E Electronics Industry NO
2F Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances
2F1a Refrigeration and Stationary Air Conditioning NE
2G Other Product Manufacture and Use
2G3a Medical Applications NE
2H Other
2H1 Pulp and Paper Industry ✔
2H2 Food and Beverages Industry ✔

NO- Not Occurring, NE- Not Estimated, ✔- Estimated

GHG Emissions: 2022
Inventory Year: 2022
Categories (Gg) (Gg)
CO2 NMVOC
2 - Industrial Processes and Product Use 5975.65
2.A - Mineral Industry 5973.00
2.A.1 - Cement production 5973.00
2.D - Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use (6) 2.65

2.D.1 - Lubricant Use 1.90

2.D.2 - Paraffin Wax Use 0.75
2.H - Other
2.H.1 - Pulp and Paper Industry 0.02
2.H.2 - Food and Beverages Industry 1.16
Recalculation: 1994-2011
400
350
300
250
200
Gg CO2e
150
100
50
0
9 94 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
CO2

INC, 1995 Revise INC SNC, 2001 Revise TNC, 2011 Revise
SNC TNC
GgCO2e 165 162 131 118 380 355
Inventory: 2012-2022
6000

5000

4000

3000
Gg CO2e

2000

1000

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

CO2
Emission Trend: 1994-2022
6000

5000

4000

3000
Gg CO2e

2000

1000

0
9 94 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

CO2
 Improvement Plan
Category Planned Improvement
Data Collection System Establish centralized data repositories for all activity data.
Standardize data collection protocols and formats.
Capacity Building Conduct regular training workshops on IPCC guidelines, GHG inventory software, and data analysis.
Develop a national and international expert network for methodological support.
Addressing Data Gaps and Uncertainty Implement annual or biennial data collection cycles.
Minimize interpolation by improving direct data collection processes.
Perform uncertainty analysis regularly to address variability in datasets.
Coordination and Stakeholder Strengthen inter-ministerial coordination for seamless data sharing and policy alignment.
Engagement Engage industries through incentives, training, and feedback mechanisms.
Policy and Institutional Framework Introduce legal mandates for regular reporting of activity data by industries.
Establish a dedicated unit for inventory preparation, verification, and improvement.
Monitoring, Verification, and Quality Implement third-party audits for independent verification of data accuracy.
Control Develop and apply QA/QC protocols to ensure compliance with IPCC standards.
Research and Development Collaborate with academic institutions to develop emission factors and refine methodologies.
Use forecasting tools for future emission projections and policy development.
Transparency and Reporting Publish inventory results in accessible, user-friendly formats.
Align reporting formats with UNFCCC and IPCC guidelines for consistency and compliance.
Climate Finance Integration Leverage international climate finance to fund system upgrades.
Integrate inventory data with carbon market mechanisms to support climate finance goals.
Livestock
Sector
 Livestock and GHG Emission

1. The livestock sector includes emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) arise from
various sources.
2. The major sources are from,
• Enteric fermentation: animals like cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, pigs, horse and
mule emit methane and carbon dioxide during digestion, primarily through
burping
• Manure Management: Solid waste, dung, slurry of biogas plants generates, both
methane and nitrous oxide. Among the several emitters, livestock are the major
source of greenhouse gas in agriculture farming system. Methane is one of the
major gases which has 28 times higher effect on global warming than carbon
dioxide. In general, livestock agricultural feed system contributes about 12
percent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.
Categories for GHG Emission from Livestock

3A.1 Enteric
Fermentation
3A. Livestock Sector
3A.2 Manure
Management
 Enteric Fermentation and GHG Emission
1. Enteric fermentation: Ruminants like cattle and sheep produce
methane during digestion, primarily through burping. Ruminant
animals, such as cattle, sheep, buffaloes, and goats, are unique due to
their special digestive systems, which can convert plant materials that
are indigestible by humans into nutritious food. In addition to food,
these animals also produce hides and fibers that are utilized by
humans. This same helpful digestive system, however, produces CH4, a
potent GHG that can contribute to global climate change
Enteric Fermentation and GHG Emission: Dung

2. Manure/Dung: Solid waste generates both methane and nitrous

oxide, with emissions varying based on management systems.
• Manure management systems differ in different agro-ecological
zones on Nepal.
• The farming systems at different altitudes are dependent upon
temperature, irrigation and other interrelated factors, and will
vary. For the large ruminants, three management systems Bacterial
predominate in Nepal and they are: fermentation
(1) Trans Humane System: exist in dung

(2) Semi-Migratory System:

(3) Stall feeding: Manure accumulation
 Change from previous inventory

• Horse, mules (other than ruminants) –Enteric fermentation(2012-

2022)
• Horse, mules and rabbit- manure management (2012-2022)
Recalculation from 1994-2011
20000 20000

18000 18000

16000 16000

14000 14000

12000 12000
Gg CO2 eq

10000 10000

8000 8000

6000 6000

4000 4000

2000 2000

0 0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

CH4_Enteric N2O_manure mgmt CH4 _manure mgmt National communication

Inventory 2012-2022
20000

18000

16000 ▲% p.a.
14000

12000
Gg CO2 eq

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Gg CO2 eq enteric (CH4) Gg CO2 eq manure_mgmt (CH4) Gg CO2 eq (N2O)

Emission for 2022 Number of
Emissions (Gg)
Categories Total
Animals CH4 CH4-CO2 eq N2O NO2-CO2 eq
3.A.1 - Enteric Fermentation 595.95 16,686.64 - - 16,686.64
3.A.1.a - Cattle 7,413,197 238.07 6,665.99 - -
3.A.1.a.i - Dairy Cows 1,223,061 70.94 1,986.25 - -
[Link] - Other Cattle 6,190,136 167.13 4,679.74 - -
2022 3.A.1.b - Buffalo 5,132,931 282.31 7,904.71 - -
N2O(0.3 %)
3.A.1.c - Sheep 771,205 3.86 107.97 - -
3.A.1.d - Goats 69.95 1,958.70 - -
CH4(manure) 13,990,703
8%
3.A.1.f - Horses 10,994 0.20 5.54 - -
3.A.1.g - Mules and Asses 5,678 0.06 1.59 - -
3.A.1.h - Swine 1,504,624 1.50 42.13 - -
-
3.A.1.i - Poultry 67,409,061 - - -

-
3.A.1.j - Other 43,236 - - -

3.A.2 - Manure Management 54.05 1,513.33 1.98 523.53 2,036.87

CH4 (EF) 3.A.2.a - Cattle 7,413,197 18.50 517.88 0.12 31.59
91% 3.A.2.a.i - Dairy cows 1,223,061 6.12 171.23 0.01 1.68
[Link] - Other cattle 6,190,136 12.38 346.65 0.11 29.91
CH4 (EF) CH4(manure)
3.A.2.b - Buffalo 5,132,931 25.66 718.61 0.22 58.92
N2O 3.A.2.c - Sheep 771,205 0.12 3.24 0.04 9.60
3.A.2.d - Goats 13,990,703 2.38 66.60 1.48 393.30
3.A.2.f - Horses 10,994 0.02 0.50 0.00 0.82
3.A.2.g - Mules and Asses 5,678 0.01 0.14 0.00 0.23
3.A.2.h - Swine 1,504,624 6.02 168.52 0.05 12.17
3.A.2.i - Poultry 67,409,061 1.35 37.75 0.06 15.19
3.A.2.j - Other 43,236 0.00 0.10 0.01 1.70
Total Emission 18,723.50
Emission trend
20,000
18,000
16,000 ▲% p.a.
14,000
12,000
Gg CO2 eq

10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
9 94 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Improvement Plan
Category Challenges/Limitations Necessity
Updated Data - Lack of proper historical data for - Accurate and updated data is essential for
and Data recalculation and trend analysis. precise GHG estimation and tracking trends
Availability emission
- Limited centralized database for systematic
updates.
Disaggregation - Disaggregated data does not align with IPCC - Disaggregated data enables compliance
Data Suitable for guidelines (e.g. fraction of manure with IPCC standards and improves sector-
IPCC Guidelines management system, N excretion rate) specific emission calculations.
Research to - emission factor is available for some - National emission factors improve accuracy
Establish livestock however not validated by as they reflect local conditions.
National government
- The available scientific data is to be
Emission Factors
- Validation and authenticity of available validated by in-line agencies for their use and
scientific data authenticity
Agriculture
Sub Sectors Included
Category
Category Name Assumptions Calculation Methods (IPCC 2006)
Code

Agriculture, Forestry and Land

3 … …
Use
3A Livestock … IE
3B Land … IE
Aggregate Sources and non-CO2
3C … …
Emissions Sources on Land
3C1 Burning … Not Included
Data prior to 2019 not available -
44
CO2𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑀𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 ∗𝐸𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 ∗
so assumes consistent application
12
3C2 Liming at rate equal to 2019; PS
contributes 20% of the sales from
AICL
44
CO2Urea = Murea ∗EFUrea ∗
Sales correspond application;
12
3C3 Urea Application 70% applied to rice fields and
30% to other croplands

Of the total N excreted from 𝑁2𝑂𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑁= 𝑁2𝑂− 𝑁𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑠 + 𝑁2𝑂− 𝑁𝑃𝑅𝑃

livestock except that deposited to N emissions from following are not included:
Direct N2O Emissions from PRP, 50% is used as fuel; of rest
3C4 annual N mineralized in soils, soil C loss from
Managed Soils 50%, 20% to rice 30% to other OM due to land use/ management changes,
croplands; 70% of urea and DAP the annual area of drained organic soils, and
to rice, 30% to other croplands crop residues incorporated or burned
 Sub Sectors Included

ƒ –‡ ‰ ‘ ” ›
ƒ –‡ ‰ ‘ ” › ƒ  ‡ • • —  ’ – ‹‘  • ƒ Ž — Žƒ – ‹‘  ‡ – Š ‘ † • ȋʹ ͲͲȌ
‘†‡

ʹ  ‹• • ‹‘  •
͵ͷ • ’ ‡ ” – Š ‡ • ‘ ˆ– ™ ƒ ” ‡
ˆ” ‘  ƒ  ƒ ‰ ‡ † ‘ ‹Ž•
ʹ  ‹• • ‹‘  ˆ” ‘ 
͵
ƒ  — ”‡  ƒ ‰ ‡  ‡  –
8% upland area; Irrigated area
from 50-65% over years; 10% of
irrigated area continuously and

CH4Rice = ൫EFijk ∗tijk ∗Aijk ∗10−6൯

90% intermittently flooded; 10% of
irrigated area single and 80% ijk
͵ ‹ ‡ — Ž– ‹˜ ƒ – ‹‘  multiple aerated; of total rainfed
EFi = EFc ∗SFw ∗SFp ∗SFo ∗SFsr
area, 50% regular rainfed and rest
drought prone; Non-flooded pre-
season of >180 days as mostly rice
crop is followed by wheat/maize;
FYM at 2ton/ha; Irrigated growing
period 130 and rainfed 120 days
GHG Emissions 2022
Gg Co2 Eq
Categories CO2 CH4 N2O Total

3 C – Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emissions 105.75 2327.34 2355.73 4788.82

Sources on Land (Excluding 3 C 1 and 3 C 6)

3 C 2 - Liming 0.53 0.53

3 C 3 – Urea Application 105.22 0.00 0.00 105.22

3 C 4 – Direct N2O Emission from Managed Soils 0.00 0.00 1673.18 1673.18

3 C 5 – Indirect N2O Emission from Managed Soils 0.00 0.00 682.55 682.55

3 C 7 – Rice Cultivation 0.00 2327.34 0.00 2327.34

Recalculation (1994-2011)
5000.00
4500.00
4000.00
3500.00
3000.00
Gg CO2 eqv.

2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00
500.00
0.00
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

CO2 Methane N2O

2012 - 2022
6000.00

5000.00

4000.00
Gg CO2 eqv.

3000.00

2000.00

1000.00

0.00
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

CO2 Methane N2O

Emission trend
6000.00

5000.00
▲% p.a.
4000.00
Gg CO2 eqv.

3000.00

2000.00

1000.00

0.00
9 94 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Liming (CO2) Urea Application (CO2) Rice Cultivation (CH4) Direct N2O Emission from Managed Soils
Indirect N2O Emission from Managed Soils
Forestry
and Other
Land use
The National Land Cover Monitoring System (NLCMS) provides
comprehensive land cover information spanning from 2002 to
2022.

Assumptions:
• Forest land is managed- Managed for conservation, timber production, and ecosystem
services to ensure sustainable use and prevent degradation.
• Cropland is annual and perennial -Includes seasonal crops that are replanted each year and
perennial crops that grow for multiple years, supporting agricultural productivity.
• Grassland is managed-Maintained through grazing and land management practices to
support livestock and ecosystem health.
• Wetland is unmanaged - Left in its natural state to provide ecological benefits such as
habitat, flood control, and water purification without direct human intervention.
• Settlement is other-Classified separately as built-up areas primarily consisting of residential,
commercial, and infrastructural developments.
• Other land is unmanaged-Includes barren, rocky, or desert areas that have minimal human
intervention due to limited productivity.
 Included categories for the GHG inventory

3:LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry

3B: Land

3B1: Forest Land 3B2: Cropland 3B3: Grassland 3B4:Wetland 3B5: Settlement 3B6: Other Land

3B1a: Forestland 3B3a: Grassland 3B5a: Settlement 3B6a: Other Land

3B2a: Cropland 3B4a: Wetland
Remaining Remaining Remaining Remaining Other
Remaining Cropland Remaining Wetland
Forestland Grassland Settlement Land

3B1b: Land 3B2b: Land 3B3b: Land 3B4b: Land 3B5b: Land 3B6b: Land
Converted to Converted to Converted to Converted to Converted to Converted to Other
Forestland Cropland Grassland Wetland Settlement Land
Included categories for the GHG inventory
4 Waste

4B: Biological 4D: Waste Water

4A: Solid Waste 4C: Incineration and
Treatment of Solid Treatment and 4E: Other
Disposal Open Burning of Waste
Waste Discharge

4D1: Domestic Waste

4A1: Managed Waste
4C1: Waste Incineration Water Treatment and
Disposal Sites
Discharge

4D2: Industrial Waste

4A2: Unmanaged Waste 4C2: Open Burning of
Water Treatment and
Disposal Sites Waste
Discharge

4A3: Uncategorized
Waste Disposal Sites
CATEGORY GHGS METHOD DATA SOURCES

CO2 T1 National Land Cover Monitoring System

Forest Land

CO2 T1 National Land Cover Monitoring System

Cropland

CO2 T1 National Land Cover Monitoring System

Grassland

CO2 T1 National Land Cover Monitoring System

Wetland

CO2 T1 National Land Cover Monitoring System

Settlement

CO2 T1 National Land Cover Monitoring System

Other Land
Categories and sub-categories applied in IPCC software
Managed Forest Land
Forest Land
Unmanaged Forest Land

Cropland Annual
Cropland
Cropland Perennial

Managed Grassland
Land use manager Grassland
Unmanaged Grassland
Land use structure
Managed Wetlands
Wetlands
Unmanaged Wetlands

Settlements (Treed)
Settlements
Settlements (Other)

Managed Other Land

Other Land
Unmanaged Other Land
Recalculation of GHG emission/removal
from 1994-2011 for LULUCF
GHG emission from LULUCF 1994-2011

6000
4000
Emissions/removal Gg CO2

2000
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
-2000
-4000
-6000
-8000
-10000
-12000
-14000
Year

Forest Land Cropland Grassland Settlement

LULUCF sector emission/ removal
trend
CO2 emission/removal from LULUCF

10000

5000

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Forest Cropland Grassland Settlement

Recommendations
• Establish a data hub for improved access to emission data and research
outputs.
• Develop national emission factors through increased ground-based research.
• Conduct systematic reviews of carbon stocks and land-use dynamics.
• Form technical partnerships to reduce uncertainties and improve data quality.
• Improve carbon stock data for native vegetation and grasslands.
• Expand studies to address data gaps and enhance classification systems.
• Strengthen institutional capacity for better monitoring and reporting.
• Standardize data collection and reporting practices.
 Waste
Sector
Thematic expert
Dr. Bhupendra Das
Included categories for the GHG inventory
4 Waste

4B: Biological 4D: Waste Water

4A: Solid Waste 4C: Incineration and
Treatment of Solid Treatment and 4E: Other
Disposal Open Burning of Waste
Waste Discharge

4D1: Domestic Waste

4A1: Managed Waste
4C1: Waste Incineration Water Treatment and
Disposal Sites
Discharge

4D2: Industrial Waste

4A2: Unmanaged Waste 4C2: Open Burning of
Water Treatment and
Disposal Sites Waste
Discharge

4A3: Uncategorized
Waste Disposal Sites
Category Subcategory Gases Method Required Data Data sources and variables

ADB (2013), CBS (1995, 2003, 2012, 2021,

Waste Generation Rate, Amount
4A. Solid Waste A1. Solid Waste 2023); Das et al. (2018); IPCC (2006);
CH4, N2O T1 and Methods of Waste Disposal, Urban
Disposal Disposal 2006SWMRMC (2004/2008); SWMTSC
Population
(2015); Pathak and Pokhrel (2023)

4B. Biological 4B1. Biological

Treatment of Solid Treatment of Solid CH4, N2O T1 Fraction of Waste Composed ADB (2013); IPCC (2006); TNC (2021)
Waste Waste

4C. Incineration and CO2, CH4, CBS (1995, 2003, 2012, 2021, 2023); Das et
Open Burning 4C2. Open Burning T1 Amount and type of waste burned al. (2018); IPCC (2006); MoHP (2024);
N2O
SWMTSC (2017); HCFs webpage

Population Data, Waste water

CBS (1995, 2003, 2012, 2021, 2023); Data
4D1. Domestic Waste generated and treated per year, Protein
CH4, N2O T1 sheets; INC (1994); SNC (2000); TNC (2011);
water consumption, Type of wastewater
4D. Waste Water MoAD (1994-2022); KII; Webpage
treatment system in use
Treatment &
Discharge
DoI (1994-2014); INC (1994); SNC (2000);
4D2. Industrial Waste
CH4, N2O T1 Industrial Production Data TNC (2011); MoAD (1994-2022); Data
water
sheets; KII; Webpage
 Gg (CO₂ Equivalent)

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
1994 6000

1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

CO₂
N₂O
2003
2004
2005
CH₄
during 1994-2011

2006
2007
Year

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
CO₂-eq. National Communications

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
GHG emissions from waste sector

2020
2021
2022
GHG emissions from waste sector from
2012 – 2022
6000

5000
▲% p.a.
4000
Gg (CO₂ Equivalent)

3000

2000

1000

0
2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022
Year
CO₂ CH₄ N₂O
GHG emission trend by categories of
waste sector from 1994-2022
6000

5000
▲% p.a.
4000
Gg (CO₂ Equivalent)

3000

2000

1000

0
9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2
19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year

Solid Waste Disposal Biological Treatment of Solid Waste

Incineration and Open Burning of Waste Wastewater Treatment and Discharge
Recommendations
• Create a centralized database to track waste generation and management.
• Set clear reporting guidelines for municipalities and private waste handlers.
• Ensure regular updates from all stakeholders.
• Separate data by waste type (organic, plastic, etc.) and treatment method.
• Analyze the impact of treatment technologies on emissions.
• Study waste composition and emissions under local conditions and update findings regularly.
• Assign specific agencies to study emissions from solid waste, wastewater, and biogas.
• Use findings to improve national GHG inventories.
• Share data through a unified platform.
• Conduct joint research to reduce emissions.
• Provide training on international waste reporting guidelines.
• Work with global experts for technical and financial support.
• Train teams to implement and monitor waste technologies.
Emission Projection
Methodology

LEAP : Low Emissions Analysis Platform

IPPU: Industrial Process and Product use
FOLU: Forest and other land use
Sectoral Dependent Variables
Category Sub-Sector/Activities Driving Factors
Energy Residential Population and Urbanization
Transport National GDP and population
Industrial Industrial / Secondary sector GVA
Commercial Service sector GVA
Agricultural Agricultural/ Primary sector GVA
IPPU Mineral Industries National GDP
Other products Industrial / Secondary sector GVA
Agriculture Livestock Livestock population
Expansion of rice harvested area; increased application
Agriculture – crops, liming, fertilizer use
of lime; increased use of urea and DAP
Waste Domestic waste generation Population and Urbanization
Industrial waste generation Industrial / Secondary sector GVA
LULUCF Land use area Historical Trend
GHG Emissions Projection
140,000
120,000
100,000 ▲3.5% p.a.
80,000
Gg of CO2 equivalent

60,000
40,000
20,000
0
-20,000
-40,000
0 22 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 048 049 050
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Energy IPPU Livestock Agriculture

Waste LULUCF Net Emissions
 2022 2050
Waste Waste
8% 9%
Agriculture
Agriculture 6%
9%

Energy
42%
Energy
Livestock 47%
21%

Livestock
31%

IPPU IPPU
10% 60,100 Gg CO2 eq 17% 124,000 Gg CO2 eq
Way forward
Moving toward higher tier emission inventory

Limitations Importance
• Data Gaps • Enhanced accuracy and precision
• Technical Complexity • Improved transparency and
• Resource Constraints credibility
• Time Constraints • Better Policy design and
monitoring
Conceptual Framework for adopting
TIER 2 emission invebntory
Conclusions
Thank You!
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