PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Structures of
Elements and
Compounds

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

4.1 Ionic Bonding

In this section, you will learn the following:
• Describe the formation of positive ions (cations) and negative
ions (anions).
• State what an ionic bond is.
• Describe the formation of ionic bonds between elements from
Group I and Group VII, including the use of dot-and-cross
diagrams.
• Describe the formation of ionic bonds between ions of
metallic and non-metallic elements, including the use of dot-
and-cross diagrams.
• Describe the giant lattice structure of ionic compounds.
• Describe the properties of ionic compounds.
• Explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties
of ionic compounds.
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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

4.1 Ionic Bonding

Why are noble gases unreactive?

They have fully filled outer shells, making their atoms
stable.

Why do atoms of elements

undergo reactions?
They undergo reactions to achieve the stable
electronic configuration of a noble gas.

How do atoms of elements undergo

Outer shells of the noble gases
reactions?
They do so by gaining, losing or sharing electrons.

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

How are ionic compounds formed?

• An ionic bond is a strong electrostatic attraction
between oppositely charged ions.

• Compounds that contain ionic bonds are called

ionic compounds.

• For example, sodium reacts with chlorine to form

an ionic compound called sodium chloride.

• The formation of an ionic bond is shown by a

dot-and-cross diagram.

• In a dot-and-cross diagram, Formation of an ionic bond in sodium chloride

– dots (●) represent the electrons in one atom;
– crosses (✕) represent the electrons of another
atom.

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

What are the physical properties of ionic compounds?

Ionic are crystalline solids;

compounds

have high melting and boiling points (they are not volatile);

have good electrical conductivity when molten or in

aqueous solution, but not in solid state.

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Relating the physical properties of ionic

• Ions held in regular
compounds to their structure and bonding pattern by ionic bonds.
• Strong electrostatic
Giant lattice structure
attraction between
oppositely charged
Ionic compounds form giant lattice structures.
ions
In the lattice structure of sodium chloride,
• each Na+ ion is surrounded by six Cl– ions;
• each Cl– ion is surrounded by six Na+ ions;
• the overall ratio of Na+ to Cl– is 1 : 1.

Hence, NaCl is the formula unit of sodium chloride.

The formula of sodium chloride is NaCl.

The giant lattice structure of sodium chloride can be

represented by either of the diagrams above.
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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

High melting and boiling points Good electrical conductivity when molten or in aqueous
solution, but not in solid state
In an ionic compound:
• The electrostatic attractions between the oppositely
charged ions are strong;
• A large amount of heat is needed to overcome these
strong attractive force;
Ions are free
• As a result, ionic compounds have high melting and
to move.
boiling points.

Ions are not free

to move.

The ions are free to move when an

ionic compound is dissolved in water.

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

4.2 Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecules

In this section, you will learn the following:
• State what a covalent bond is.
• Describe the formation of covalent bonding in simple
molecules (e.g. H2, Cl2, H2O, CH4, NH3 and HCl).
• Use dot-and-cross diagrams to show the electronic
configurations in these and similar molecules.
• Describe the formation of covalent bonds in simple
molecules (e.g. CH3OH, C2H4, O2, CO2 and N2).
• Use dot and cross diagrams to show the electronic
configurations in these and similar molecules.
• Describe the properties of simple molecular compounds.
• Explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties of
simple molecular compounds.
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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

4.2 Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecules

How are covalent compounds formed?
A covalent bond is formed when a pair of electrons is
shared between two atoms leading to noble gas
electronic configurations.

When atoms combine by sharing electrons, molecules

are formed. Covalent bonds can be formed between
• atoms of the same element;
• atoms of different elements.

Examples of different covalent bonds formed

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Single covalent bond

The bond formed between two atoms by sharing one pair of electrons.

Different ways of representing a hydrogen and a chlorine

molecule

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Double covalent bond

The bond formed between two atoms by sharing two pairs of electrons.

Different ways of representing an oxygen molecule

Formation of covalent bonds in an oxygen molecule

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Different ways of representing methane, ammonia,

and hydrogen chloride molecules

Molecules of compounds (continued)

Formation of covalent bonds in a methane molecule

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

What are the physical properties

Low melting and Poor electrical
of covalent compounds? boiling points conductivity
The examples learnt so far are known as
simple molecules.
They have simple molecular structures. Have no free-
Have weak moving ions and
intermolecular forces electrons to conduct
Simple molecules: electricity
• have low melting and boiling points (they
have a high volatility);
Not much heat
• and are poor electrical conductors. needed to break these
weak intermolecular
forces

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

4.3 Giant Covalent Structures

In this section, you will learn the following:

• Describe the giant covalent structures of graphite and diamond.
• Relate the structures and bonding of graphite and diamond to
their uses.
• Describe the giant covalent structure of silicon(IV) oxide.
• Describe the similarities in properties between diamond and

silicon(IV) oxide.

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

4.3 Giant Covalent Structures

A giant covalent structure is a three-dimensional regular
arrangement of atoms or molecules joined by strong covalent
bonds.

Examples
• Diamond
Allotropes of carbon
• Graphite
• Silicon(IV) oxide

Allotropes are different structural forms of the same

element that have the same physical state.

Allotropes of carbon

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

What are the physical properties of giant covalent substances?

High melting and boiling points

• A giant covalent structure consists of a large number of atoms that are

held together by strong covalent bonds.
• A large amount of energy is required to break these bonds, in order to melt
or boil the substance.

Do not conduct electricity (except graphite)

• In giant covalent substances (except graphite), all the outer electrons of

the atoms are used to form covalent bonds.
• Thus, there are no delocalised electrons that move through the structure
to conduct electricity.

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Diamond
Properties of diamonds

Hard and has a high melting

Does not conduct electricity
point

Each carbon No free

All the outer
atom is It is difficult to electrons move
electrons of the
covalently break these through the
carbon atoms
bonded to four strong covalent structure to
are used for
other carbon bonds. conduct
bonding.
atoms electricity.

Structure of diamond
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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Graphite
Properties
Properties of graphite
of graphite

High melting and boiling

Good electrical conductor
Soft and slippery
point

These electrons can move

Each carbon atom freely along the layers
Layers of carbon Allowsfrom
the layers of
is covalently Each Thus, it’s
carbon difficult
atom has one one carbon
atoms are held atom to the next.
carbon atoms to
bonded to three outer to break
electron these
that is not used They
loosely by weak are said to be over each
slide
Structure of graphite other carbon to strong
form covalent
covalent bonds. delocalised.
intermolecular other when a force
bonds. forces of attraction.
atoms. This allows graphiteistoapplied.
conduct electricity.

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Uses of graphite Uses of diamond

Dry lubricant Gemstones

Making the tips of drills

Inert electrodes and the cutting edges

Drilling, grinding and

Pencil lead polishing hard surfaces

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Silicon(IV) oxide
Properties of silicon(IV) oxide

Hard and has a high melting

Does not conduct electricity
point

Each silicon This forms a

atom is bonded three- All the outer Thus, no free
to four oxygen dimensional electrons of electrons move
atoms. structure. oxygen and through the
Each oxygen The strong silicon atoms structure to
atom is bonded covalent bonds are used for conduct
to two silicon are difficult to bonding. electricity. Structure of Silicon(IV) oxide
atoms. break.

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

What have you learnt?

? ?

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

What have you learnt?

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Recap questions

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Recap questions
• Classify compounds according to their structure: KCl, diamond,
CO2, N2, NaCl, CaO, SiO2, CH4
Giant Ionic Lattice Simple molecular Giant Covalent

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Recap questions

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Recap questions

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 PowerPoint Slides Cambridge IGCSETM Chemistry Student’s Book

Acknowledgements
• Slide 1: Garden Rhapsody Light Show at Super Tree Grove, Singapore – ID: 67084827 © Eermakova | [Link]
• Slide 2: Star Neon Light © [Link] ([Link]
• Slide 16: salt – ID: 6905993 © Cardiae | [Link]
• Slide 27: bromine in a vial © W. Oelen | Wikimedia Commons ([Link]
• Slide 29: diamonds – ID: 66789948 © Gualtiero Boffi | [Link], graphite in pencil © 9nong | [Link]
• Slide 31: diamonds – ID: 66789948 © Gualtiero Boffi | [Link]
• Slide 32: pencil © MCE
• Slide 34: sand – ID 103502187 © Dionell Datiles | [Link]
• Slide 37: wires – ID: 9098947 © Tracy Hebden | [Link]

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