SHRI SATYA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY A

MEDICAL SCIENCES

School of Ayurveda
and
siddha studies
Name: Sneha Dudhambe
Batch: 2023-2024
Name: sonali ahire
Batch: 2023-2024
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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Assignment on Rachna Sharir by
with whole heartily devoted & hard effort under my keen
supervision and guidance. The compilation has been
thoroughly seen; his work is very satisfactory and will be very
helpful to the one who will wish to have knowledge of this
topic due to its unique collection of various books. I wish all
the best for a brilliant and bright future to the Compile.
DATE:-
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT:-Dr Pradip Gupta (MD Rachna sharir)
Assistant Professor Department of Rachna Sharir School Of Ayurveda And Siddha Studies SSSUTMS, Sehore.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Assignment on Rachna Sharir by
with whole heartily devoted & hard effort under my keen
supervision and guidance. The compilation has been
thoroughly seen; his work is very satisfactory and will be very
helpful to the one who will wish to have knowledge of this
topic due to its unique collection of various books. I wish all
the best for a brilliant and bright future to the Compile.
DATE:-
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:-Dr. Niharika jaiswal (MD Rachna sharir)
Assistant Professor Department of Rachna Sharir School Of Ayurveda And Siddha Studies SSSUTMS, Sehore.
HUMAN
EAR
~ Anatomy of human
ear
 INDEX:
S Topic Sli
r d
n No
o
1 Introduction 5
2 External ear 6
3 Middle ear 11
4 Inner ear 17
5 Organ of corty 20
6 Clinical anatomy 24
7 Refrance 30
 Organ of hearing.
• Introducti ■ It is also concerned with
equilibrium of the body
on : ■ ossicles of the ear formed at
birth are only bones fully.
■ The Centre for hearing is in the
temporal lobe of brain above
the ear
■ Human ear have 3 parts :
External Middle Inner
ear ear ear
Auditory 1. Outer
1. Auricle / Ossicles Bony
Pinna Windos labyrinth
2. The 1. Eustachia 2. Inner
external n tube membran
acoustic ous
meatus. labyrinth
1.Extern

1) Auricle/pin
It is the part seen on surface, the part
of the of the layman calls of ear.

al ear ■ Greater part of auricle:

■ Made up of elastic cartilage
■ Supports the spectacles.
■ The rest of the Auricle divide into
number of parts:
1. Helix
2. Antihelix
3. Concha the large
dipression-leads into
external acoustic meatus
4. Tragys
5. Scaphoid fossa
 ■ Lowest part of auricle-

1) Auricle/pin
■ consists of fibrofatty tissue.
■ Soft and covered by skin
– This part is called the lobule
(for wearing the ear rings).
■ Blood supply:
1. Posterior auricular artery
2. Superficial temporal
arteries.
■ Nerve supply:
Medial Lateral
surface surface
1)Upper 2/3 1)Upper 4/3-
lesser accipital Nerve
nerve auriculotemporal
2)Lower 1/3 Great 2)lower1/3 Great
2) External Acoustic
■ It conducts sound waves from
concha to the tympanic
membrane.
■ It has 3 parts :
1.Outer parts Medially, forward, upward

Meatus :
2.Middle Medially, backward,
part upward

3.Inner part Medially, forward,

downward
 ■ Bony part is narrower than the
cartilaginous part.

2) External Acoustic
■ Due to the obliquity of the tympanic
membrane the anterior wall and
floor are longer than the posterior
wall & roof.
■ The canal is oval in section.
■ The isthmus, lies about 5mm from

Meatus :
the tympanic membrane.
■ Lymphatics :
1. Preauricular lymph nodes.
2. Postauricular lymph nodes.
3. Superficial cervical lymph
nodes.
■ Nerve supply:
1. Auriculotemporal nerve
3) Tympanic memb
External auditory canal ends at
the Tympanic membrane also
called as ear drum.
It is a thin, semitransparent
partition between external
auditory canal and middle ear.
It is covered by epidermis
■ Lined by simple cuboidal
epithelium
 2. ■ Air filled space and Also called as
tympanic cavity

Middle ■ Shape is like cube with narrow Wall.

■ It is lined with epithelial cells

ear ■ Separated from external ear by ear

drum
■ Separated from inner ear by Oval
window
■ These are the smallest three bones of
the body
■ Connected by synovial joints
■ Ligaments :
1. Superior ligament of malleus
2. Lateral ligament of malleus
3. Anterior ligament of malleus
4. Posterior ligament of incus
5. Annular ligament of base of stapes
1) Auditory Ossi
a) Malleus (Hammer):

Word malleus is Latin for hammer

It is the first bone of the middle
ear
The handle of malleus is attached
with internal surface of eardrum
■ Head of malleus is attached
with body of incus.
■ The primary function of the
malleus is the transmission of
sound waves or vibrations from
the eardrum to the incus
1) Auditory Ossi
b) Incus (Anvil) :

It is second bone
located in between the
malleus and the stapes
■ The incus transmits
vibrations from the
malleus to the stapes
1) Auditory Ossi
c) Stapes (stirrup) :

Stapes is the third and final bone

of the middle ear
It is the smallest and lightest bone
of the human body
The stapes connects to the incus
on the outward side and to the
oval window
The primary function of the stapes
is transmitting sound waves from
the incus to the membrane of the
inner ear.
■ The base or footplate of stapes
is fits into oval window
2) Windows :
1.Oval window
– It is a membrane-covered
opening that leads from the
middle ear to the vestibule of
the inner ear.
– The oval window is the
intersection of the middle ear
with the inner ear and is
directly contacted by the
stapes
– by the time vibrations reach
the oval window, they have
been amplified over 10 times
from what they were when
they contacted the tympanic
membrane.
2. Round window
– The round window
serves to decompress
acoustic energy that
enters the cochlea via
stapes movement
against the oval window
– Any inward motion of
the oval window via
stapes vibration leads to
outward motion of the
round window.
 ■ The middle ear is an air-filled space

3) Eustachian
■ It consists of both bone and hyaline
cartilage
■ This runs from the middle ear to the

Tube :
naso-pharynx behind the nose.
■ It is normally closed at pharyngeal
end
■ during swallowing, chewing and
yawing it opens
■ It helps maintaining equal air
pressure on the two sides of ear
drum.
■ If pressure disturbed hinders clear
and normal hearing.
 ■ The inner ear sits within the temporal
3) Inner bone in a complex cavity called the
bony labyrinth.
ear: ■ A centre is known as the vestibule
contains two small fluid- filled recesses,
■ The utricle and saccule. These connect
to the semicircular canals and the
cochlea.
■ There are three semicircular canals
angled at right angles to each other
which are responsible for dynamic
balance.
■ The cochlea is a spiral shell- shaped
organ responsible for the sense of
hearing.
■ These structures together create the
membranous labyrinth.
 Bony labyrinth is a series of cavities in

1) Outer Bony
the temporal bone
■ It is divided into three regions

labyrinth :
■ Semicircular canals (posteriorly
and superiorly)
■ Vestibule (middle)
1.Cochlea (anteriorly)
■ Bony labyrinth is lined with
periosteum and contains fluid
perilymph which is similar to CSF.
2) Inner membranous
It is series of sacs and tubes inside of
bony labyrinth
membranous labyrinth is lined with
epithelium
It contains endolymph which has
High potassium ions.

labyrinth :
Potassium ions generates the of
auditory signals
■ Membranous labyrinth consists of
two sacs.
■ Utricle
1. Saccule
 Iit is also known as spiral organ
• Organ of ■ Coiled sheet of epithelial cells:

Corti ■ Supporting cells

1. Hair cells
■ Two groups of hair cells:
■ Inner hair cells
1. Outer cells
2. It consists of neurons called
HAIR CELLS; their axons form
VIII.
3. The stapes is attached to the
OVAL WINDOW, and
vibrations cause the
perilymph to vibrate; the hair
cells here transmit this
vibration.
The VESTIBULAR COCHLEAR
NERVE, which takes the
signals to the brain.
Therefore, the cochlea is
where the hearing receptors
are located, so the cochlea is
responsible for all of the
hearing of sounds.
■ However, the ear does more
than just hear; it is also
responsible for balance and
equilibrium.
• CLINICA
■ examination of the meatus and
L tympanic membrane, the auricle
ANATOM should be drawn upwards,
backwards and slightly laterally.
Y However, in infants, the auricle
is drawn downwards and
backwards because the canal is
only cartilaginous and the outer
surface of the tympanic
membrane is directed mainly
down- wards
1. Accumulation of wax : the external
acoustic meatus is often a source of
excessive itching, although fungal
infection and foreign bodies should
be excluded.
2. Troublesome impaction of large
foreign bodies like seeds, grains,
insects is common. Syringing is done
to remove these
3. Involvement of the ear in herpes
zoster of the geniculate ganglion
depends on the connection between
the auricular branch of the vagus and
the facial nerve within the petrous
temporal bone.
4. Boils and other infections of the
external auditory meatus cause little
1. Irritation of the auricular branch of
the vagus in the external ear by ear
wax or syringing may reflexly produce
persistent cough called ear cough,
2. Small pieces of skin from the lobule of
the pinna are commonly used for
demonstration of lepra bacilli to
confirm the diagnosis of leprosy.
3. Infection of elastic cartilage may
cause perichondritis.
4. Bleeding within the auricle occurs
between the perichondrium and
auricular cartilage.If left untreated
fibrosis occurs as haematoma com-
promises blood supply to cartilage.
Fibrosis leads to "cauliflower ear". It is
usually seen in wrestlers.
1. The membrane is sometimes
incised to drain pus present in
the middle ear. The procedure is
called myringotomy .
2. The incision for myringotomy is
usually made in the
posteroinferior quadrant of the
membrane where the bulge is
most prominent. the chorda
tympani nerve runs downwards
and forwards across the inner
surface of the membrane, lateral
to the long process of the incus,
If the nerve is injured taste from
most of anterior two- thirds of
tongue is not perceived. Also
salivation from submandibular
and sublingual glands gets
2. 1. Fracture of the middle cranial fossa
breaks the roof of the middle ear,
rupture the tympanic membrane,
and thus cause bleeding through the
ear along with discharge of CSF.
2. Inflammation of the auditory
tube (eustachian catarrh): often
secondary to an attack of common
cold. This causes pain in the ear
which is aggravated by swallowing,
3. due to blockage of the tube. Pain is
relieved by installation of
decongestant drops in the nose
which helps to open the ostium.
3. Otosclerosis: Sometimes bony
fusion takes place between the foot
plate of the stapes .
■ Throat infections commonly spread to
the middle ear through the auditory
tube and cause otitis media. The pus
from the middle ear may take one of
the following courses:
■ It may be discharged into the external
ear following rupture of the tympanic
membrane.
■ It may erode the roof and spread
upwards, causing meningitis and brain
abscess.
■ It may erode the floor and spread
downwards, causing thrombosis of the
sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular
vein It may spread backwards, causing
mastoid abscess.
1. Chronic otitis media and mastoid
abscess are responsible for
REFERANCE

B. D. Chaurasia- volume 3
Rachna sharir vigyan
Other resources
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