DOORS

DOOR

– A door is a moveable barrier secured in a wall opening.

– A solid barrier that is fixed in a doorway or opening in a wall or
partition to hinge, pivot or slide open or to close for access to and from
buildings and between rooms, compartments, corridors, landings and
stairs.
– They are supported in openings/doorways on hinges as side hung, on
pivots as double swing and on tracks as sliding or folding doors.
 FUNCTIONS

1. They admit ventilation and light.

2. Controls the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing it,
excluding air drafts, so that interiors may be more effectively heated or
cooled.
3. They act as a barrier to noise.
4. Used to screen areas of a building for aesthetic purposes,
keeping formal and utility areas separate.
5. Security
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
1. Privacy
2. Strength and stability: a door must have adequate strength to support its own
weight and suffer knocks and minor abuses in service as well as adequate shape
stability for ease of opening and accuracy of closing to the frame or lining
3. Resistance to weather elements
4. Durability
5. Freedom from maintenance
6. Fire safety
7. Thermal insulation
8. Sound insulation
9. Security
10. Operation: the ability to be operated
LOCATION OF DOOR IN A
BUILDING

– The number should be kept as minimum.

– It should meet the functional requirement.
– It should preferably be located at the corner of the room, nearly 200 mm
from corner.
– From an exterior point of view, doors are important compositional
elements in the design of building facades.
– The manner in which they punctuate or divide exterior wall surfaces
affect the massing, visual weight, scale and articulation of the building
form.
 DOOR TERMINOLOGY

 FRAME:- It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical members,

forming an enclosure, to which the shutters are fixed
 SHUTERS:-These are the openable parts of a door or window.
 HEAD:-This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of frame

 SILL:-Thisis the lowest or bottom horizontal part of a window

frame, not provided in door frames.
 HORN:- These are the horizontal projections of a frame..
 REBATE :- It is the depression or recess made inside the door
frame to receive the door shutter.
 Door hardware
Components of a door: a) Door frame b) Door shutter

Door frame HORN HEAD

JAMB/POST
REBATE

HOLDFAST

F.L.
Door shutter

TOP RAIL

FRIEZE RAIL

STYLE
INTERMEDIATE
RAILS

PANEL

BOTTOM RAIL
SIZES OF DOORS

The common width-height relations used:

 Width = 0.4 – 0.6 Height
 Height = (width +1.2)m
General sizes used:
a) Residential
External door – 1.0 x 2.0 to 1.1 x 2.0 m
Internal door - 0.9 x 2.0 to 1.0 x 2.0 m
Bath & WC – 0.7 X 2.0 to 0.8 x 2.0 m
Garages for cars – 2.25 x 2.25 m to 2.40 x 2.25 m
b) Public
1.2 x 2.0 m or 1.2 x 2.1 m or 1.2 x 2.25 m
 DOOR CLASSIFICATION

1. Location
2. Material
3. Mechanism
4. Structure

Minimum standard size is 762x1981mm

TYPES OF DOORS
 Types of Doors
On the basis of working operations
 Hinged doors
Battened type
Framed and paneled
Glazed/Sash
Flushed
Louvered
Wire-guage
 Revolving doors
 Sliding doors
 Swing doors
 Collapsible doors
 Rolling shutter
 Accordion
Types of Doors
Door components
DOOR FRAMES

Materials used for door frames

– Timber
– Steel
– Aluminium
– Concrete
– Stone
 Timber door frame
General specifications:

 Timber is sawn in the direction of grains.

 All members of frames are of same species of timber and be straight without any warp.
 The frames are smooth, well planed surfaces except the surface touching wall lintel sill etc.
 The thickness of rebate is 15 mm and the width is equal to the thickness of shutter.
 Nominal size of door frame for single shutter is 75 X100 mm and for double shutter 75 X 125 mm.
 The back portion of door frame which in contact with walls, lintels sill etc. is painted with bitumen or
any anti-termite chemical.
 To protect door frame during construction priming coat is done before fixing.
 A minimum of 3 holdfasts shall be fixed on each side, one at the centre and the other two at 300 mm
from top and bottom of the frame.
 Holdfasts and other parts, which go into the masonry wall and thus not accessible for maintenance, shall
be protected against moisture and decay, with a coating of coal tar or other suitable protective material.
Timber door frame
Metal door frame
Metal door frame
Timber doors
Timber doors
Hinged doors
Most doors are hinged along one side to allow the door to pivot
away from the doorway in one direction but not in the other. The
axis of rotation is usually vertical.
The most common door type. It is a simple & rigid.
The panel swings, opens and closes, on hinges.
Hinged doors require a minimum amount of maintenance and
cleaning, they are not expensive, and have an excellent insulating
ability.
However, they take up precious room space to swing in.
Battened and ledged door
The door consists of vertical boards i.e. battens and three or four
horizontal ledges. The vertical boards are tongue and grooved to
stop draughts and the edges chamfered to relieve the plain
appearance.
Battens : 100-150 mm wide and 20-30 mm thick
Ledges : 200 mm wide and 25 – 30 mm thick
The door is hung to the frame by T-hinges of iron.
The door is commonly used for narrow openings for internal use where
it is not subject to hard use, or where economy is of main
consideration than the appearance..
Battened, Ledged and Braced door

Battens : 100-
150 mm wide &
20-30 mm thick

Ledges : 100-
200 mm thick
& 25-30 mm
thick

Braces: 100-
150 mm wide &
25-30 mm thick
– Normally constructed using a Z-shaped frame with tongue-and-groove
interlocking boards attached they can be quite heavy in weight but this can
depend on the thickness of boards used.
– Due to their construction they are normally very strong and hardwearing
and can also be planed and shaped to fit pretty much any door way.
– Such doors are used for wider openings.
– The braces incline down towards the hinged side.
Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Door
– The framework consists of vertical styles, three ledges and
two inclined braces.
– The braces are normally housed into the rails at about 40
mm from the styles.
– The thickness of the styles and top rail is same which is
equal to the thickness of braces and battens.
– This type is suitable for external door and door subjected to
rough handling.
Framed and Paneled door

– These types of doors are widely used in all types of buildings since
they are strong and give better appearance than battened doors.
– Panel doors consist of vertical
members called stiles and horizontal members
called rails.
– Stiles and rails form the framework into which panels are inserted.
– Panels may be solid wood, plywood, particleboard or louvered or
have glass inserts.
– Additional vertical members called mullions are used to divide the
door into any number of panels.
– Panel Door - consists of wood panels held in place by wood stiles and rails
panels and can be made from solid wood, plywood, metal or glass.
– They consist of two vertical stiles and horizontal rails enclosing the panels.
The panels could be made of plywood, solid timber or glass.
– The more expensive type of glass panel door is fitted to the frame first and then
the glass panels are added individually, this makes the door lighter to handle
when hanging and cheaper to replace if the glass gets broken.
– Depending on the location and usage of the door, putty and beading may be
used, but if the door has a wood finish, beading alone will suffice. Silicone
sealants are also available in a variety of finishes.
– The lock rail is so placed that its centre is at a height of 800-900 mm from the
bottom of the shutter.
– Incase of timber panels, the minimum size of the panel shall be 150 x 15 mm,
while max. are shall be 0.5 sq. m.
– Incase of plywood, there is no restriction on minimum and max. size. However,
the thickness shall be at least 12 mm if single paneled and 10 mm for more
panels.
Joint between rails and styles
 Glazed or sash door
– This type is used in residential and public buildings.
– They supplement the natural lighting provided by windows or to
make the interior of the room visible from adjoining rooms.
– They can be made fully glazed or partly glazed.
– Fully glazed doors are recommended where sufficient light is
required through the door openings like in shopping malls, entrance
halls etc.
– Incase of partly glazed, the bottom 1/3 rd part is usually paneled and
upper 2/3 part is glazed.
Fully Glazed Door Partly Glazed Door
PART GLYLAZED AND PARTLY
PANELED DOOR WITH GUN-STOCK
RAIL
 Flush Door
– Flush doors are simply doors with a completely flat surface on both sides.
– Flush doors can come in solid format which is a door made of solid wood or
hollow format which is lightweight and comprised of two layers of thin
timber separated, usually, by a lightweight honeycomb core. The core is
covered with either hardboard or plywood on both sides.
– Solid flush doors are usually used as fire-check doors.
– Flush doors are lighter and cheaper than other types.
The flush door shutters are manufactured in standard thickness of 25,
30, 35 and 40 mm.
Types:
– Solid core flush door
– Hollow core
– Cellular core

Solid core door consist of the framework of vertical stiles and top rail and
bottom rail.
The core consists of wooden strips (width not more than 25 mm) glued
together under high pressure OR block board or particle board.
Plywood sheets /cross bands/face veneers are glued under high pressure to
the assembly of core on both faces.
Such doors are quite strong but heavy and require more material. Solid-core
doors provide
better sound insulation and have less
tendency to warp.
 Hollow core

The frame consists of styles, top rail, bottom rail and two intermediate
rails, not less than 75 mm in width.
The space between the styles and rails is filled by equally spaced
battens each of minimum width 25 mm, such that voids are equally
distributed and limited to 0.5 sq. m.
Plywood/veneers and cross bands can be glued from both sides. The
thickness of plywood should not be less than 6 mm.
Cellular core
– The frame is made up of styles and top and bottom rail.
– The space is filled with closely spaced battens of minimum 25 mm
width such that the void area does not exceed 0.25 sq. m.
– Thus, the total area of voids should not exceed 40% of the area of
the shutter.
Louvered doors

– A louvered door has fixed or movable wooden louvers which permit open
ventilation while preserving privacy and preventing the passage of light to the
interior.
– They are most commonly used for bath and W.C. In residential and public
buildings, where good ventilation is desired.
– The door may be louvered to its full height or may be partly louvered and
partly paneled.
– The louvers are arranged in inclined fashion thus obstructs the vision but
permits entry of air.
– Louvers may be fixed or movable.
– Louvers may be of timber, plywood or glass.
– However, they are difficult to clean.
 outside
inside

PARTLY LOUVERED AND PARTLY PANELED DOOR

 Revolving doors
 Such types are provided in public buildings, like banks, museums,
hotels, offices etc.
A revolving door normally has four wings/leaves that hang on a
center shaft and rotate one way about a vertical axis within a round
enclosure. The central shaft is fitted with ball bearing arrangement at
the bottom, which allows the shutters to move without any jerk and
making noise.

The radiating shutters may be fully paneled, fully glazed or partly

glazed. The glass doors allow people to see and anticipate each other
while walking through. Vertical rubber pieces are provided at the
rubbing end of the shutter to prevent drought of air.
People can walk out of and into the building at the same time.
The door closes automatically when not in use.
– Revolving doors are energy efficient by eliminating drafts,
thus reducing the heating or cooling required for the building.
– The door may be motorized, or pushed manually using push
bars. Revolving doors therefore create a good seal from the
outside and help to reduce A/C and heating costs for climate
control from the building.
– Revolving doors typically have a "speed control" to prevent
people from spinning the doors too fast.
 Sliding doors
– In these doors, the shutter slide horizontally along tracks with the help
of runners and rails. often for space or
– Sliding glass doors are common in places where there is no space to
swing the door.
– Such doors are very popular for use for the entrances to commercial
structures and also in residential buildings for aesthetic considerations.
.
– Sliding doors consist of either one, two or three doors that slide by
each other on a track depending upon the size of opening and space
available for sliding.
– They are pretty easily cleaned and maintained.
– These doors sound insulation is pretty poor usually, and they must be
of high quality and fitted exactly in their tracks or else they may slide
out of them.
– When fully open these doors will allow half the space of the opening
in double sliding doors, or one third if triple.
– Sliding doors move along metal, wood, or vinyl tracks fitted into
their frames at the top and bottom. To ease their movement, sliding
doors often have plastic rollers attached to the top and bottom or to
the bottom only.
– The door is hung by two trolley hangers at the top of the door
running in a concealed track while at the bottom, rollers are provided
to slide the shutter in a channel track.
 Swing doors
– The shutter is fitted to its frame by special double action
hinges.
– The hinges permits the shutter to move both ways, inward as
well as outward.
– The doors are not rebated at the meeting styles.
– To open the door, a slight push is made and the spring action
brings the shutter in closed position.
The return of the shutter is with force and thus, the door shall be
either fully glazed Or provided with a peep hole at eye level, to
avoid accidents.
Folded doors

Made of many narrow vertical strips or creases that fold back to

back into a compact bundle when doors are pushed open, these
strips or creases will be hanged from the top, and run on a
track. They save space as they do not swing out of the door
opening, though their sound and weather isolation is poor.
Folding doors are usually pretty noisy, and considered not so
durable
Collapsible Door

 Such doors are used in garages, workshops, public buildings etc. to provide increased
safety and protection to property.
 The doors do not require hinges to close or open the shutter nor the frame to hang
them.
 It acts like a steel curtain.
 The door is made up from vertical double channels
(20x10x2 mm), jointed together with the hollows on the inside to create a vertical gap.
 These channels are spaced at 100-120 mm apart and braced with diagonal iron flats.
 These diagonals allow the shutter to open or closed.
 The shutter operate between two rails, one fixed to the floor and other to the lintel.
 Rollers are mounted at the top and bottom.
 Rolling shutter

 These are commonly used for shops, godowns, stores etc.

 The door shutter acts like a curtain and thus provides adequate protection and
safety against fire and thefts.
 The shutter is made up of thin steel slabs called laths or slates about 1.25 mm
thick interlocked to each other and coiled upon specially designed pipe shaft
called drum mounted at the top.
 The shutter moves in two vertical steel guide channels installed at their ends.
 The channel is made up of steel sheets and deep enough to accommodate the
shutter and to keep it in position.
 A horizontal shaft and spring in the drum which allow the shutter to coiled in
or out.
 These may be manually operated for smaller openings (upto 10 sq.m.).
 Above 10 sq. m., they may be operated manually.