"The Philippines is a democratic and
republican State. Sovereignty resides in the
people and all government authority
emanates from them."
Article II, Section 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
Democracy emphasizes the
participation of citizens in decision-
making, either directly or indirectly.
Democrati It is based on the principle of
c majority rule, where the people
have the power to choose their
leaders and influence laws.
In a direct democracy, citizens
DIRECT VS. themselves vote on laws and policies (as
in ancient Athens).
INDIRECT
DEMOCRAC In a representative democracy, elected
Y representatives make decisions on behalf
of the people.
A republic is a form of government
where the country is considered a
"public matter" (res publica), and
the head of state is not a monarch.
REPUBLIC The people elect representatives to
govern on their behalf, and there
are typically safeguards to protect
individual rights.
The Philippines is
described as both
democratic (citizens
In the elect their leaders and
participate in decision-
Philippine making) and republican
(there are laws and a
Context: constitution to guide the
government, with elected
representatives).
STATE, NATION, NATION-STATE
A state is a political entity with a
defined territory, a permanent
population, a government, and the
capacity to enter into relations with
other states. It is a sovereign entity STATE
that exercises authority and has a
monopoly on the use of force
within its boundaries.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
The people who live within the state’s territory. A state cannot exist
without a population, as the government exercises authority over
the individuals within the state.
. POPULATION • Characteristics:The population can be large or small, homogenous or
diverse.
• It is not required that all members of the population belong to a
single ethnic or cultural group.
Definition: A state must have a clearly defined geographical area over which it
exercises authority. This includes land, airspace, and territorial waters.
2. TERRITORY • Characteristics:The territory must have recognized and defined borders.
• The size of the territory may vary, but it must be sufficient for the state's
population and governance.
"The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and
The national territory of the waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has
Philippines is defined in Article sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains,
including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other
I of the 1987 Philippine submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the
archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal
Constitution. waters of the Philippines."
Definition: Refers to anything related to
land or the Earth’s surface.
1. Scope: This includes the solid ground,
such as mountains, plains, forests, and
TERRESTRIA deserts.
L Examples: Landmass of islands,
mountains, cities, roads, and forests are
part of the terrestrial domain.
Definition: Pertains to anything related to
rivers, streams, or flowing water bodies.
Scope: This typically includes rivers, lakes,
2. FLUVIAL and other bodies of water, as well as their
ecosystems.
Examples: Rivers, lakes, and inland
waterways fall under the fluvial domain.
Definition: Refers to anything related to
the air or the atmosphere.
Scope: This includes the space above the
land and water up to the limits of the
3. AERIAL state’s control over its airspace.
Examples: The airspace over the land and
waters of the Philippines, used for aviation
or military defense, is part of the aerial
domain.
Definition: The organization or institution through which political authority
is exercised over the population and territory. The government makes and
enforces laws, protects the state, and provides public services.
GOVERNMENT Characteristics:The government must have the ability to maintain order,
provide security, and implement laws and policies.
Different forms of government exist (democracy, monarchy, dictatorship,
etc.), but the state requires a central authority to function.
Definition: The state’s ability to govern itself
without external interference. Sovereignty
4. SOVEREIGNTY means that the state has supreme authority
over its internal and external affairs.
INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY
Internal sovereignty: External sovereignty:
The state has the The state is recognized
power to enforce laws by other states and has
and make decisions the right to engage in
within its territory foreign relations, make
without external treaties, and defend its
influence. territory.
Population – People living in the state.
Territory – Defined geographical area.
SUMMARY Government – Authority that governs and enforces laws.
Sovereignty – Supreme authority to govern
independently.
Definition: A nation is a group of
people who share common
characteristics such as language,
culture, history, ethnicity, or a
sense of identity. Nations are
usually defined by a shared sense
of belonging and a collective
identity, which might not always
coincide with political borders.
Key Characteristics:
2. NATION
Shared culture, history, language,
and identity
No requirement for territorial
sovereignty
The people may or may not have
their own state
Definition: A nation-state is a political
entity that combines the concepts of a
state and a nation, meaning that the
state's borders coincide with the
boundaries of a particular nation. In a
nation-state, the population generally
shares a common identity, culture,
and history, and the government
represents the interests of that nation.
Key Characteristics:
3. NATION-
The majority of the population belongs STATE
to a single nation
The state's political boundaries align
with the nation's cultural or ethnic
boundaries
Sovereignty over its territory and
people
KEY DIFFERENCE
State: A political and Nation-State: A
Nation: A group of
legal entity with sovereign state whose
people with shared
sovereignty over a population
characteristics and a
defined territory, not predominantly belongs
sense of common
necessarily tied to a to one nation, where the
identity, which may or
single nation (e.g., the political and national
may not have its own
United States has many boundaries largely
state (e.g., the Basques,
nations or ethnic overlap (e.g., Japan,
Kurds).
groups). Iceland).
QUIZ
a) Population, Territory,
Government,
Sovereignty
b) People, Land,
1. What are the Constitution, Law
four essential
elements of a c) Economy,
state? Government,
Sovereignty, Territory
d) Population, Laws,
Rights, Freedom
a)
2. What
Government element of the
b) Territory
c) Population state refers to
d) Sovereignty
the group of
people residing
in its territory?
3. Which of the
following is not an
element of a state?
a) Government
b) Population
c) Military
d) Territory
4. The state’s authority to make
laws and decisions within its
borders is called:
a) Sovereignty
b) Legitimacy
c) Government
d) Constitution
5. What is the term used for a
group of people who share
common cultural, historical, or
linguistic characteristics?
a) State
b) Nation
c) Government
d) Territory
6. The Philippines is considered a
democratic and republican state. This is
stated in which section of the 1987
Constitution?
a) Article I, Section 1
b) Article II, Section 1
c) Article IV, Section 1
d) Article VI, Section 1
7. Which of the following best
defines a nation-state?
a) A state with multiple nations living
within it
b) A state ruled by a monarchy
c) A state whose borders align with a
single nation
d) A state without international
recognition
8. The national territory of the
Philippines is defined in which
article of the 1987
Constitution?
a) Article I
b) Article III
c) Article VI
d) Article IX
9. Which of the following
refers to areas related to
land or the Earth’s surface?
a) Aerial
b) Terrestrial
c) Fluvial
d) Marine
10. The term “fluvial”
refers to what type of
domain?
a) Land
b) Rivers and bodies of water
c) Air
d) Subsoil
11. A group of people living in a specific area under a
government with the capacity to enter into relations
with other states is called a:
b)
a) Nation Governme c) State d) Colony
nt
12. Which element of the
state represents the physical
space where a government
exercises authority?
a) Government
b) Territory
c) Sovereignty
d) Population
13. What type of sovereignty
involves a state's control over
its foreign affairs and
recognition by other states?
a) External sovereignty
b) Internal sovereignty
c) Absolute sovereignty
d) Conditional sovereignty
14. Which of the following
is an example of a nation
without a state?
a) France
b) Japan
c) Kurds
d) Germany
15. What is the primary function
of a government in a state?
a) To trade with other states
b) To implement and enforce laws
c) To increase population
d) To create borders
16. In which
of the
following
a) Terrestrial
domains
b) Fluvial
does the c) Aerial
government d) Submarine
exercise
control over
airspace?
