LECTURE 5
The Cardiovascular system
•Blood
•Heart
•Vessels
The Respiratory System
• Function
• Upper respiratory tract
• Lower respiratory tract
• Muscles of Respiration
Respiratory System
Functions
1. area for gas exchange between the air and the blood
2. Protects the respiratory surfaces from dehydration
3. Protects against invading pathogens
4. Produces sound involved in verbal communication
5. Assists in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure,
and body fluid pH
An Overview of the Respiratory
System and Respiratory Tract
• The Upper Respiratory System
– Consists of:
• Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx
• The Lower Respiratory System
– Consists of:
• Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
Structures of the Respiratory System
Nasal cavity Frontal sinus
Nasal conchae
Sphenoidal sinus
Nose
Internal nares
Nasopharynx Tongue
UPPER
RESPIRATORY
Hyoid bone
SYSTEM Larynx
Figure 24.1
Structures of the Respiratory System
Nasal cavity Frontal sinus
Nasal conchae
Sphenoidal sinus
Nose
Internal nares
Nasopharynx Tongue
UPPER
RESPIRATORY
Hyoid bone
SYSTEM Larynx
LOWER Esophagus Trachea
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM Bronchus
Clavicle
Bronchioles
RIGHT LEFT
LUNG LUNG
Ribs Diaphragm Figure 24.1
Respiratory Epithelium
Movement
of mucus Ciliated columnar
to pharynx epithelial cell
Mucous cell
Stem cell
Mucous layer
Lamina propria
Figure 24.2a
Respiratory Epithelium
Cilia
Nucleus of columnar
epithelial cell
Lamina propria
Mucous cell
Basal lamina
Stem cell
Cilia
Lamina
propria
Nucleus of columnar
epithelial cell
Stem cell
Mucous cell
Basal lamina
Respiratory epithelium of trachea LM 932
Figure 24.2b
Upper Respiratory Structures
Nasal conchae
Nasal cavity
Superior
Internal nares Middle
Entrance to auditory tube Inferior
Pharyngeal tonsil Nasal vestibule
Pharynx External nares
Nasopharynx
Soft palate
Oropharynx
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone
Epiglotis
* NO FOOD IN Thyroid cartilage
TRACHEA! Cricoid cartilage
s
ha g u
Trachea
Es o p
Nasal Septum – separates left and right
Figure 24.4a
Cranial cavity
Ethmoidal air cell Frontal sinus
Medial rectus muscle Right eye
Lens
Lateral rectus muscle
Superior
nasal concha
Superior
meatus
Middle nasal
Nasal septum concha
Perpendicular Middle meatus
plate of ethmoid
Maxillary sinus
Vomer
Inferior nasal
Hard palate concha
Inferior meatus
Tongue
Mandible
Frontal section
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The Lower Respiratory System
– Air leaves the pharynx by passing through a
narrow opening, the glottis
The Larynx
– A cylinder whose cartilaginous walls are stabilized
by ligaments and/or skeletal muscles
– Begins vertebra C3 or C4, ends at vertebra C7
– Singing and talking, etc
The Lower Respiratory System
Unpaired Cartilages of the Larynx
1. Thyroid cartilage
2. Cricoid cartilage
3. Epiglottis
• Closes over the glottis during swallowing of food
Epiglottis
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Laryngeal
Larynx
prominence
Thyroid
cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoid
Cricoid cartilage cartilage
Trachea
Tracheal cartilages
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
Figure 24.6
The Lower Respiratory System
Paired Cartilages of the Larynx
Epiglottis
– Laryngeal cartilages
– Consists of:
• Cuneiform cartilages
– elastic cartillage
• Corniculate cartilages
– Hyaline cartilage
• Arytenoid cartilages
Thyroid cartilage
– Hyaline cartilage
– Opening and closing of glottis
Cricoid
– Producing sound cartilage
The Lower Respiratory System
Vocal Cords
– Air passing between the vocal folds creates sound
• Pitch depends on the diameter, length, & tension in the
vocal cords
• Amplification of sound occurs in the pharynx, oral
cavities, nasal cavity & sinus cavities
• Production of definite sounds depends on movement
of the lips, tongue, and cheeks
The Vocal Cords
POSTERIOR
Corniculate cartilage
Corniculate cartilage Glottis (closed)
Cuneiform cartilage Glottis (open)
Aryepiglottic
Vestibular fold fold
Vocal fold Vocal fold
Epiglottis Vestibular fold
Root of tongue Epiglottis
ANTERIOR
a Glottis in the b Glottis in the
open position. closed position.
Figure 24.7ab
The Trachea
• Characteristics of the Trachea
– Size
• 11 cm long and 2.5 cm diameter
– Bifurcates at the carina into the right and left
bronchi at T5
– Contains 15–20 tracheal cartilages
• Each cartilage ring is actually C-shaped, not a
complete ring
• Connecting one cartilage ring to another are annular
ligaments
The Lower Respiratory System
Trachea
and Primary Bronchi
Fig. 24- 9
Esophagus
Trachealis
muscle
Lumen of
trachea Thyroid
gland
Respiratory
epithelium
Tracheal
cartilage
The trachea L
b Histological cross-sectional view of the trachea
showing its relationship to surrounding structures
Figure 24.9b
The Primary Bronchi
• The trachea branches at the carina
– The branching forms the left and right primary
bronchi
– The primary bronchi enter into each lung
– The right primary bronchus is steeper and larger in
diameter than the left
• Hence, a person can aspirate foreign objects into the
right lung easier than the left lung
Hyoid
bone
Larynx
RIGHT LEFT
primary bronchi primary bronchi
Trachea
Tracheal
cartilages
Location of carina (internal ridge)
Root of right lung
Root of left lung
Superior lobar bronchus
Lung tissue
Primary Superior lobar bronchus
bronchi
Middle lobar
bronchus Secondary
bronchi
RIGHT LUNG Inferior lobar bronchi LEFT LUNG
The Lungs
Structure of the Lungs (cone shape)
– The apex points superiorly and the base inferiorly
– The right lung has three lobes
• Superior, middle, and inferior lobes
• Consists of a horizontal fissure and an oblique fissure
– The left lung has two lobes
• Superior and inferior lobes
• Contains the oblique fissure
• Left lung has a cardiac notch
Lungs are enveloped
PLEURA in a “SACK”
Pleural
[FIST INMembranes
BALLOON]
Right & left pleural cavities are
separated by the mediastinum
PARIETAL
PLEURA
VISCERAL PLEURA
Pleural fluid: reduces friction LUNG
when the lungs move upon
inhalation and exhalation
PLEURAL CAVITY
with PLEURAL FLUID
Lateral Surface Anatomy of the Lungs
Lateral Surfaces
Apex Apex
Superior
lobe
Superior lobe
Horizontal
fissure
Middle
lobe Cardiac
Inferior notch
lobe Oblique
Oblique Inferior
fissure lobe
fissure
Base Base
RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG
Fig. 24- 10
MEDIAL SURFACE ANATOMY
OF THE LUNGS
Medial Surfaces
Apex
Superior lobar bronchus
Superior Pulmonary arteries Superior
lobe lobe
Pulmonary Middle lobar bronchus Groove
veins for aorta
Superior lobar bronchus
Pulmonary
Horizontal Inferior lobar bronchus veins
Cardiac
fissure Middle impression
lobe
Hilum
Oblique Inferior Inferior
lobe lobe Oblique
fissure fissure
Groove for Diaphragmatic
Base
esophagus surface
RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG
Fig. 24- 10
The Lungs
• Branches of the Secondary Bronchi
– The secondary bronchi divides to form tertiary
bronchi
• The right lung has 10 tertiary bronchi and therefore 10
bronchopulmonary segments
• The left lung has 9 tertiary bronchi and therefore 9
bronchopulmonary segments
BRONCHIAL TREE
DON’T PANIC!
10 9
1 1
Fig. 24- 12
BRONCHI & BRONCHIOLES
CONDUCTION
-from nasal cavity to
smallest bronchioles
RESPIRATION
- Respiratory
bronchioles and
Fig. 24- 11 alveoli
THE ROAD TO RESPIRATION
BRONCHUS BRONCHIOLE ALVEOLUS
Figure 24- 13
RESPIRATION IS
HERE!
The Lungs
• Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli
– Each lung has about 150 million alveoli
– Extensive network of capillaries surrounds each
alveolus
• Capillaries drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
– Elastic tissue surrounds each alveolus
• Maintains the shape and position of each alveolus
during inhalation and exhalation
ALVEOLAR ORGANIZATION
PULMONARY ARTERY
PULMONARY - Coming from the
VEIN heart
- Going to
the heart
NOTE!
THE BRONCHIAL
ARTERIES / VEINS
FROM THE
THORACIC VESSELS
SUPPLY THE
STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS OF
THE LUNGS
Fig. 24- 13
Figure 24.14a
Respiratory
epithelium Branch of
pulmonary
From the heart
Bronchiole artery
Bronchial artery (red),
vein (blue), and
nerve (yellow) Smooth muscle
around terminal
bronchiole
Terminal
bronchiole
Respiratory
bronchiole
Elastic fibers
Capillary Arteriole
Branch of beds Lymphatic
pulmonary vessel
vein Alveolar
duct
To the heart Alveoli
Alveolar sac
Interlobular
septum
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Figure 24.13a
ALVEOLAR STRUCTURE
Pneumocyte
type II cell
Pneumocyte
type I cell
Alveolar
macrophage
Red blood cell
Elastic
fibers Capillary lumen
Nucleus of
Endothelium endothelial cell
0.5 µm
Alveolar
macrophage
Capillary
Fused basal Alveolar Surfactant
laminae epithelium
Endothelial cell
of capillary Alveolar air space
c Diagrammatic sectional view of alveolar structure
and the respiratory membrane.
The respiratory membrane.
Alveolus and Respiratory Membrane
Gas exchange at the alveoli
• Pulmonary arteries transport carbon dioxide to the alveolar
capillaries
• Carbon dioxide leaves the capillaries and enters the alveolar
sacs
• Oxygen leaves the alveolar sacs and enters the capillaries
• Oxygen enters the pulmonary veins and returns to the heart
to be pumped to all parts of the body
Pulmonary Ventilation &
Respiratory Muscles
Inspiration
•Create NEGATIVE intrathoracic pressure
•Increase anterior-posterior, lateral, & vertical
diameters and volume
•Using DIAPHRAGM, INTERCOSTALS (other
accessory muscles)
Expiration
•Decrease intrathoracic volume
•Relax muscles, increase abdominal pressure,
bronchial elastic recoil
Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary
Ventilation
• Diaphragm
– Contracts (lowers) to cause inhalation
– Relaxes (raises) to cause exhalation
• External intercostals
– Elevate the ribs to aid in inhalation
• Internal intercostals
– Depress the ribs to aid in exhalation
1 The Respiratory Muscles
Accessory Primary
Respiratory Muscles Respiratory Muscles
(Inhalation) (Inhalation)
Sternocleidomastoid External intercostal
muscle muscles
Scalene muscles
Accessory
Pectoralis minor Respiratory Muscles
muscle (Exhalation)
Serratus anterior Internal intercostal
muscle muscles
Transversus thoracis
muscle
Primary
Respiratory Muscles External oblique
(Inhalation) muscle
Diaphragm Rectus abdominis
Internal oblique muscle
Figure 24.16
2 The Mechanics of Breathing
Ribs and
sternum
elevate
Diaphragm
contracts
3 Respiratory Movements
KEY
= Movement of rib cage
= Movement of diaphragm
= Muscle contraction
Inhalation
Inhalation is an active
process. It primarily Accessory Respiratory
involves the Muscles (Inhalation)
diaphragm and Sternocleidomastold
the external muscle
intercostal
muscles, with Scalene muscles
assistance Pectoralis minor muscle
from the
accessory Serratus anterior muscle
respiratory
muscles as
needed.
Primary Respiratory
Muscles (Inhalation)
External intercostal
muscles
Diaphragm
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3 Respiratory Movements
KEY
= Movement of rib cage
= Movement of diaphragm
= Muscle contraction
Exhalation
During forced exhalation,
the tranversus thoracis
and internal intercostal
muscles actively
depress the
ribs, and the Accessory Respiratory
abdominal Muscles (Exhalation)
muscles
Transversus thoracis
compress
muscle
the abdomen
and push the
diaphragm up.
Internal intercostal
muscles
Rectus abdominis and
other abdominal
muscles (not shown)
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