LEAD, EMPOWER, AND AC HIEVE THROUG H DATA-DRIVEN DEC ISIONS
…where LEADers create great schools
Senior High School Applied
INQUIRIES,
Subject: INVESTIGATION &
IMMERSION
Q1 Reading on
Module 3:
Related Studies
Learning Objectives
The most essential learning competencies covered in this module are:
A. Select, cite, and synthesize related literature
B. Use sources according to ethical standards (at least 4-6 local and international sources)
➢ define terms related to research study
➢ gather and synthesize information from different sources of
information
➢ familiarize the different citation styles and formats
➢ give the characteristics and mechanism of the review of related
literature;
➢ write citations correctly on the sources used in a research study
➢ appreciate the importance of following ethical standards in using
sources
This slideshow presentation will be made available through the trainer’s website:
mathbychua.weebly.com.
Download the document to use it as reference.
Lesson 1: Selection of Related
Literaure
Inquiries, Investigation Immersion
1. A biography about Jose Rizal.
2. The declaration of independence.
3. A TV show explaining what happened in
Japan.
4. A website describing what World War II
was.
5. A Filipino veteran talking about Martial
Law.
6. Abraham Lincoln's diary describing what
Primary or he thought about the civil war.
Secondary 7. A letter from a soldier describing World
Source War 2.
8. An actor sharing his experience on a
gives an overview of
all the writings relative
to a specific topic
(Prieto, Naval, & Carey,
Review of 2017).
Related
Literature
▷publications or
writings wherein a
researcher reports the
results of his studies.
Example: Monthly,
Primary quarterly or annual
Source
journals.
▷publications or writings
wherein a certain author
describes the work of
another author. Example:
Textbooks, encyclopedias,
and yearbooks as much as
Secondary possible, use the primary
Source sources to avoid tampering
and miscommunications on
1. The sources that you
should use must be
updated and reliable.
2. It must be as fair and
objective as possible.
Characteris
3. It must be relevant to
tics of your topic.
sources 4. It must provide
Lesson 2: Citation of the
Related Literaure
Inquiries, Investigation Immersion
▷is defined as a means of
informing your readers
that certain information
came from a specific
source and you just
borrowed it to widen the
Citation explanation of a certain
situation or data of your
▷2 Manners of Citing
Sources
1. In-text Citation
2. Referencing List
Citation
A. The In-text citation refers to all of
the citations that can be found in
all of the chapters in your
research paper. The commonly
used information in this manner
of citation is the following (APA
Style):
1. Author’s name
Citation 2. Date of the publication of the
source
B. Referencing list refers to the
bibliography and/or references of your
research paper. This holds the summary of
the information of all of your sources.
Information needed in making the
referencing list involves the following:
1. Author’s name
2. Date of the publication of the source
3. The page number where you found
the information
4. Publisher
Citation 5. Place of Publishing
6. Volume
7. Edition
Three (3) guidelines should
be considered,
namely:
a) by author or writer,
b) by topic and
c) chronological means of
In-text citation.
Citation
1) By author or writer
a) In this method of citation, all
your data and information,
facts, ideas or principles from
different sources are discussed
or explained separately.
In-text
Citation
▷2) By topic
a) This method of citation is used when
several authors or sources give the same
information about a certain topic. The
citation of the information will be granted to
all the authors.
b) Example:
Accordingly, research is … (Rio, 2000; Luna
& Magsaysay, 2005)
In-text c) In this example, the authors (Rio, Luna &
Magsaysay) shared the same idea about
Citation research. When you are going to use this
information, make sure to cite ALL of the
3) Chronological
a) Citing sources using the chronological
method involves sequencing the
information based on the year it was
published.
b) Example:
Yu (2005) states that …
And (2007) discussed about…
Chu (2010) deliberated regarding
In-text …
Citation
c) In this example, the sources are
a) American
Psychological
Association (APA),
b)Modern Language
3 Most
Common
Association (MLA) and
Citation
Styles
c) Chicago Manual of
Lesson 3: Synthesizing
Information from
Relevant Literature
Inquiries, Investigation Immersion
is defined as a
combination of
information and
discussion from one or
more relevant sources
Synthesi of information.
s
Explanatory synthesis deals
with presenting the information
through explanations and presents
it objectively.
Argument synthesis, on the
other hand, enables a researcher
Synthesi to present his/her
s, 2 point of view from a certain topic
Ways in a logical manner. Information
that is written
1. Documents- these sources include those
materials that are written or printed such as
books, newspaper reports, research articles,
etc. This source can come in a published or
non- published state.
2. Numerical records- This source is
considered a subcategory of documents.
This source includes numerical data in
written form such as census reports,
Categori school budgets, etc.
es of 3. Oral statements- Stories, myths, legends,
songs and other forms of oral data
Sources composes this type of source.
1. You must consider your purpose in
writing.
2. You must select and read carefully
your sources, according to your
purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis. It is the main
idea that you want to present in
yoursynthesis.
Writing a 4. Decide how will you use your source
Synthesi materials and take down notes.
s 5. Develop an organizational plan
according to your thesis.
1. Summary- the simplest way of organizing
a synthesis. When using this technique, you
are going to write the most relevant
information and sources you gathered.
2. Example or illustration- it is a technique
wherein you are going to synthesize
information by giving examples and
illustrations of your specific information.
3. Two (or more) Reasons- this technique
Technique includes presenting the thesis and
s: Writing supporting it with reasons why it is factual.
a 4. Comparison and Contrast- In using this
Synthesis technique, you are going to show the
similarities and differences of two or more
Lesson 4: Writing a Coherent
Review of Related
Literature
Inquiries, Investigation Immersion
The review of related
literature is commonly
composed of three major
sections:
Introduction,
b) Main Body, and
RRL c) Conclusion.
The introduction of your RRL
is commonly composed of a
single page wherein
information about the
general topic of your
research is presented. It also
provides the overall
RRL statement of knowledge
about your research topic.
The second section of your RRL
is the body. This section
focuses on presenting all the
relevant information that you
have gathered. Presenting your
relevant information must
follow a logical manner,
RRL addressing the order of your
objectives of the study. The
contents of this section come
The last section of your RRL
is the summary. As its name
implies, it is usually a one
(1) page statement that
summarizes the overall state
of knowledge about your
topic. This section must
RRL show how significant your
research study is.
Rule 1. Define the topic and the audience.
When defining a topic, consider factors
such as interest, significance, and recency.
Rule 2. Search and research reference list.
Rule 3. Prepare a conceptual diagram of
the need for the different types of literature
review.
Prieto et al. (2017) Rule 4. Take notes while reading.
Guides Rule 5. Choose the type of review you wish
to write.
in Rule 6. Keep the review focused and make
Writing it of broad interest.
Rule 7. Be critical and consistent.
RRL
In presenting your review of
related literature, the following
states are recommended to
showcase coherency.
1. There appears to be strong
evidence that …
2. The literature has shown …
RRL 3. The foregoing literature has
shown …
4. The data supporting the
In using an index card, you
must see to it that you have
the following information:
• Where you found the
information
• Topic
RRL • Paraphrased information
found
USE AN INDEX CARD
• Make a separate card for each
source.
• Give each source a racking number.
• For a book, include the author, title,
date & place of publication, and
publisher.
• For a periodical, also include the
page numbers of the article.
RRL • For a website, write the title, the
sponsors and authors if known; the
site and date when it was created or
Lesson 5: Use of Ethical
Standards in Citing
Related Literature
Inquiries, Investigation Immersion
Ethics in research
-the norms for conduct that
distinguish between acceptable
and unacceptable behaviors.
-process of applying moral
Ethics standards and principles in any
undertaking.
&
Researc – used so that a researcher will
h be able to define right from
1) Honesty- a researcher must secure honesty
in producing his/her study. Transparency is the
key of upholding honesty in research.
Researchers must see to it that all borrowed
intellectual property must be cited accurately.
2) Objectivity- Researchers must see to it that
she/he is free from any form of bias in all
aspects of his/her research paper.
3) Integrity- The researcher must secure that
8 the study holds sincerity and consistency. The
researchers must see to it that all of the parts
Principl promised and presented during the
es of presentation of the proposal must be kept
4) Carefulness- The researcher must see to it
Ethics that the conduct of the study must be free from
5) Openness- Researches must see to it that they are
open-minded persons wherein they can accept
suggestions from others and they can handle constructive
criticism.
6) Respect for intellectual property- A good researcher
must see to it that she/he practices respect for
intellectual property. This principle can be executed upon
proper citation of borrowed statements and giving due
credit to the owner.
7) Trustworthiness- A researcher must secure that he/she
is maintaining his/her trustworthiness. The researchers
8 must see to it that any data or information in the
research, especially those data from surveys and other
Principl data gathering procedures, must be used according to its
proper and allotted usage only. The researchers must also
es of keep the confidentiality of every data gathered and must
protect its privacy.
Ethics 8) Social and legal responsibility- A researcher must abide
1. Fabrication and Falsification
of Data
2. Non-Publication of Data
3. Faulty Data Gathering
Procedures
4. Plagiarism
UNETHICA -Copy and Paste
L DEEDS
scientific
-Mosaic
misconduct
Lesson 6: Presenting Written
Review of Related
Literature
Inquiries, Investigation Immersion
a) Focused- your RRL must be composed of
information that is related to your research
topic.
b) Concise- ideas must be presented
economically.
c) Logical- the flow of ideas and information
must be based on logic. It should be smooth-
flowing.
Charact d) Developed- your RRL must be composed of
complete information.
eristics e) Integrative- in instances of combining
of a information, links between these ideas must
be evident. The contribution of the reviewed
Good materials on the topic must
1. Have you organized your material
according to issues?
2. Is there a logic to the way you
organized your material?
3. Does the amount of detail included on
an issue related to its importance?
4. Have you been sufficiently critical of
design and methodological issues?
Critical 5. Have you indicated when results were
Evaluation conflicting or inconclusive and discussed
possible reasons?
of the
6. Have you indicated the relevance of
Literature
each reference to your research?
