Chapter 3

The differences between EFL

and ESL
 EFL Settings
• 1- Public school : Nowadays English present to EFL students in
public school all over the world . For instance before 2003 Iraq
was introduce English to EFL Iraqi students at age 11 ( fifth
primary class ) . After that the Ministry of Education established a
new English curriculum for the public schools that include
teaching English to elementary school students( first primary
class ) . In past the English curriculums were depended on
( Grammar translation approach ) recently the curriculums
have been shifting from GTM to Communicative approach and
Notational functional syllabus .
 EFL Settings
• 2-University EFL settings :offer a variety of different
English programs. Most universities worldwide require
students to take several semesters of a foreign language,
and English is either a choice among other languages or
required. Some universities in EFL settings teach English
for specific purposes ESP courses to meet their needs
within particular major. For example people who work in
tourism they must take a course on tourism and English .
 EFL Settings
• 3-Public language schools: Some of these schools have
an assortment of English programs and classes, while
others are smaller and more specialized. It is also worth
pointing out that although there are well-established
excellent language schools, there are also, unfortunately,
a number of schools that have no solid theoretical
foundation, hire unqualified teachers, and rely on the
textbook to teach the students.
 EFL Settings
• 4-Private language program: These programs are
usually established to meet the English language needs of
people who work in government positions, such as
diplomats and embassy personnel, or the private sector,
for example, those who work in the tourist industry (hotel
clerks, tour guides), the airline industry (pilots, flight
attendants, check-in clerks), oil industry (engineers,
technicians on oil rigs), and business (managers headed
overseas, those doing international business) for example
Aviation English taught for pilots to communicate with
Air traffic controller
 ESL teaching settings
• 1-Public schools: A wave of immigrants to English-speaking countries such
as Australia, Canada, and the United states has created a challenge for the
public schools systems to educate children who are just beginning to learn
English. Another population in public schools includes Generation students.
These students are long-term residents of the United States, Canada,
Britain, New Zealand, and Australia, and they are usually quite fluent in
spoken English. However, many of these students still have language
problems, especially with writing and occasionally with reading. A problem
is that many of these students do not want to be labeled as ESL students,
and many tend to avoid being grouped with recent immigrants.
 ESL teaching settings
• This will make some problems for the teachers who do not
know how to teach students who have native-like
proficiency in spoken English but have ESL features in
their writing. School districts have responded to the needs
of K-12 students in a variety of ways. And their response
has been to place most immigrants in low-track or
remediation programs.
 ESL teaching settings
• 2- University language programs: Another group of
ESL students are those who travel abroad to study at
universities in English-speaking countries. Not all of these
international students enroll in degree programs; rather,
some first take classes in a university ESL institute before
going on to the degree program, and some simply come to
study at the institute and then return home.
 ESL teaching settings
• 3- Literacy Centers: ESL is also taught in refugee and
literacy centers where, depending on political climate,
learners come from a variety of nations. Refugees are
indeed a mixed group; they often include doctors, nurses,
teachers, businesspeople, construction workers, farmers,
and migrant workers, among others. Newly arrived
refugees usually attend classes in English, as well as in
employment preparation programs.
 English programs at language
institutes:
• 1- English for Academic Purposes Program: This
program is usually lasts a full semester. Students study 20
to 25 hours each week in one of several levels (or in mixed
levels), in such courses as reading, writing, listening, oral
communications, grammar, pronunciation, English online,
vocabulary building, and intercultural communication. At
the beginning levels the goal is to develop basic language
skills; at higher level students turn to TOEFL Preparation
and more academic subjects, including courses in
listening to lectures, research writing, and classroom
communications.
 English programs at language
institutes
• 2- English for Business: This program is usually
designed for international students who want to gain
entrance into an MBA program or business professional
who want to further develop their English.
• 3- TOEFL Preparation: Some of the larger institutes
have separate programs just for students who want to
raise their TOEFL score
• 4- Advanced Academic Preparation: Some of the larger
institutes offer short (5- to 7 weeks) programs for
advanced learners who will begin their studies at an
American university.
 English programs at language
institutes
• 4- Advanced Academic Preparation: Some of the larger
institutes offer short (5- to 7 weeks) programs for
advanced learners who will begin their studies at an
American university.
• 5- Bridge program: This program offers students the
opportunity to be a part time students in a university
degree program while taking support classes at the
language institute.
• 6- English for Law: A few language institutes offer
English for legal professionals and pre-law students.
 K-12 ESL Programs:
• 1- (Newcomer program): It used when ESL students
first arrive, faculty and students join efforts to make the
ESL and minority students feel welcome, offer personal-
social support, give an orientation to the school, asses
language skills, provide survival English for those who
need it, and provide cultural adjustment advice.
• 2- (pullout model): A separate program that addresses
students language and academic needs in which ESL
specialists pull students out of their grad-level classrooms
for ESL lessons.
 K-12 ESL Programs:
• 3- Inclusion model: It is an approach in which ESL
teacher goes into the classroom to work with the ESL
students, either as a small group or individually, during
classroom instruction
• 4- Team-teaching model: Also known as a co-teaching
model, the ESL teacher and grade-level teacher team-
teach the class. As equal partners, they plan and take
turns teaching both native and ESL students.
 K-12 ESL Programs:
• 5- Subtractive Bilingualism Program: The bilingual
teacher begins with using the students’ native language
while developing their second language. As students
develop the second language and culture, more and more
emphasis is placed on using the second language.
• 6- Additive Bilingualism Program: Unlike subtractive
bilingualism which is criticized because the goal is to take
cultural identity away from the child, additive bilingualism
aims at providing students with the opportunity to become
fully literate in both their native and second languages.