Digital Logic design 1 (CEN 211)
Credit Hours : 3+1
Dr. Khursheed Aurangzeb
Text Book: Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals
By M. Morris Mano & Charles R. Kime
5th Ed. 2015, Pearson Education
Course Details
Course number and name:
CEN 211, Digital Logic Design (I)
Credits and contact hours:
3 (3, 0, 1)
11:00 am to 11:50 am, Sun, Tue, Thur.
Room: B 82 (Lecture)
02:00 am to 02:50 am, Mon. Room: B 82
(Tutorial)
Instructor’s name and email ID:
Dr. Khursheed Aurangzeb
[email protected]
Chapter 1: Digital Systems and Information
Information Representation:
The digital systems (DS) process data, which
represents a broad range of information from
physical world
The information could be continuous
(temperature, pressure etc) and discrete
(busines records, number of cars at a signal etc)
Temperature measured by a sensor is
continuous which is converted into an electrical
voltage (analogue)
Information Representation
In order to store or process any analogue
signal by a DS, it must first be converted to
discrete and then digital signal
The digital signal is represented in the form
of binary digits (bits)
A binary digit is called a bit.
Information Representation
Information is represented in digital
computers by groups of bits
The program instructions can be specified
using groups of bits (properly arranged)
The data to be processed by a digital systems
is represented in the form of groups of bits
The Digital Computer
A block diagram of a digital computer is
shown below
The Digital Computer
The memory stores programs as well as input,
output, and intermediate data.
The datapath performs arithmetic and other
data-processing operations as specified by the
program.
The control unit supervises the flow of
information between the various units.
The combination of datapath and control unit is
called the central processing unit, or CPU
The Digital Computer
The program/data is transferred into memory by
means of an input device such as a keyboard. An
output device, such as monitor, displays the
results of the computations and presents them to
the
user.
Various input/output devices includes DVD drives,
USB flash drives, scanners, and printers.
The input devices could be both analogue and
digital circuits/components
The Digital Computer
The control unit (CU) in the CPU retrieves the
instructions, one by one, from the program stored in
the memory.
For each instruction, the CU manipulates datapath to
execute the operation specified by the instruction.
A digital computer perform arithmetic computations,
manipulate strings of alphabetic characters, and can
be programmed to make decisions based on internal
and external conditions.
The Embedded Systems
Other than computers, there are less powerful, single-
chip computers called microcomputers,
microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs),
which are more prevalent in our lives.
These computers are parts of everyday products and
their presence is often not apparent. As a
consequence of being integral parts of other products
and often enclosed within them, they are called
embedded
systems.
The Embedded Systems
A generic block diagram of an embedded
system is shown below
Embedded Systems in our Environment?
Examples of embedded systems in our living environment are a cell
phone, an iPod™, a digital camera, a microwave oven, washing
machine, an automobile
In fact, a late-model automobile can contain more than 50
microcontrollers, each controlling a distinct ES
engine control unit (ECU)
automatic braking system (ABS)
stability control unit (SCU)
Abstraction Layers in Computer Systems Design
Design is the process of understanding all the relevant
constraints for a problem and arriving at a solution that balances those constraints
The typical constraints in computer systems design are functionality, speed, cost, power, chip
area, and reliability
Modern integrated circuits have billions of transistors—designing such a circuit with one transistor
at a time is impractical
Abstraction Layers in Computer Systems Design
A fundamental aspect of the computer systems design process is the concept of “layers of abstraction”
Computer systems such as the generic computer can be
viewed at several layers of abstraction from circuits to algorithms
The higher layer of abstraction hiding the details and complexity of the layer below
Typical Layers of Abstraction
Typical Layers of Abstraction
In this course, the focus is on the layers
of abstraction
Logic gates
Analysis/design of combinational
Analysis/design of sequential circuits
Digital Design Process Overview
The steps below are the design procedure for
combinational digital circuits
Specification: Write specification for behavior of the circuit
Formulation: Derive the truth table or Boolean equations that
define required logical relationships btw I/O
Optimization: Apply optimization to minimize the number of
logic gates required. Draw logic diagram
Technology mapping: Transform the logic diagram using the
available implementation technology
Verification: Verify the correctness of the final design
Digital Design Process Overview
The specification can take a variety of forms, such
as text or a description in a hardware description
language (HDL)
The formulation converts the specification into
forms that can be optimized (truth tables, Boolean
equations)
The incomplete specification will lead to wrong
interpretation, which will results in an incorrect
truth table or Boolean expression
Digital Design Process Overview
The optimization can be performed using any available
methods, such as algebraic manipulation, the Karnaugh
map method, or computer-based optimization programs
In a particular application, specific criteria serve as a
guide for choosing the optimization method
A practical design must consider constraints such as
cost of gates, maximum allowable delay of a signal
through circuit, and limitations on the fan-out of each
gate
