Chapter Five

Class and Object Oriented Programming

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 Introduction
 Procedural programming is a method of writing software. It is a
programming practice centered on the procedures or actions
that take place in a program.

 Object-oriented programming is centered on objects.

 Objects are created from abstract data types that encapsulate data
and functions together.

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 Introduction
 Whereas procedural programming is centered on creating
procedures (functions), object oriented programming (OOP) is
centered on creating objects.

 An object is a software entity that contains both data and

procedures. The data contained in an object is known as the
object’s data attributes.

 An object’s data attributes are simply variables that reference

data.

 The procedures that an object performs are known as methods.

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An object’s methods are functions that perform operations on

 Introduction
 In Python object-oriented Programming (OOPs) is a
programming paradigm that uses objects and classes in
programming.

 It aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance,

polymorphisms, encapsulation, etc. in the programming.

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 OOPs Concepts in Python
 Class in Python

 Objects in Python

 Polymorphism in Python

 Encapsulation in Python

 Inheritance in Python

 Data Abstraction in Python

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 Class
 A class is code that specifies the data attributes and methods
for a particular type of object. An object is an instance of a
class.

 It’s a “blueprint” from which objects may be created.

 A class is a collection of objects.

 Classes define functions called methods, which identify the

behaviors and actions that an object created from the class can
perform with its data.
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 Class
 To define a class in Python, you can use the class keyword,
followed by the class name and a colon.

 Class Definition Syntax:

class ClassName:

# Statement-1

# Statement-N

 Creating an empty class in python

class Dog:
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pass
 Object
 An object is any entity that has attributes and behaviors. For example, a
parrot is an object. It has

 attributes - name, age, color, etc.

 behavior - dancing, singing, etc.

class Dog:

pass
 Creating an Object

 This will create an object named obj of the class Dog defined above.

 obj = Dog()
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 The Python __init__ Method

 The __init__ method is similar to constructors in C++ and Java.

It is run as soon as an object of a class is instantiated.

 The method is useful to do any initialization you want to do with

your object. Now let us define a class and create some objects
using the self and __init__ method.

 Creating a class and object with class and instance attributes

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Cont..

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Creating Classes and objects with methods

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 Adding attributes to a class
 class Dog:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

 You can see that the function now takes two arguments after
self: name and age.

 These then get assigned to self.name and self.age respectively.

 You can now create a new ozzy object with a name and age:
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ozzy = Dog("Ozzy", 2)
 Cont..
 To access an object's attributes in Python, you can use the dot
notation. This is done by typing the name of the object, followed
by a dot and the attribute's name

 print(ozzy.name)

 print(ozzy.age)

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 Define methods in a class
 Now that you have a Dog class, it does have a name and age,
which you can keep track of, but it doesn't actually do anything.

 This is where instance methods come in. You can rewrite the
class to now include a bark() method. Notice how the def
keyword is used again, as well as the self argument.

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 Inheritance in Python
 Inheritance is the capability of one class to derive or inherit the
properties from another class.

 The class that derives properties is called the derived class or

child class and the class from which the properties are being
derived is called the base class or parent class.

 It provides the reusability of a code.

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 Cont..
 Python Inheritance Syntax:

Class BaseClass:

{Body}

Class DerivedClass(BaseClass):

{Body}

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 Cont..
 We have created two classes i.e. Person (parent class) and
Employee (Child Class).

 The Employee class inherits from the Person class.

 We can use the methods of the person class through the

employee class as seen in the display function in the above
code.

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 Polymorphism in Python
 The word polymorphism means having many forms.

 In programming, polymorphism means the same function name

(but different signatures) being used for different types.

 Polymorphism is often used in Class methods, where we can

have multiple classes with the same method name.

 The key difference is the data types and number of arguments

used in function.

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 Cont..
 Polymorphism has the following advantages:

 It is beneficial to reuse the codes.

 The codes are simple to debug.

 A single variable can store multiple data types.

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 Encapsulation in Python
 Encapsulation is one of the fundamental concepts in object-
oriented programming (OOP).

 It describes the idea of wrapping data and the methods that

work on data within one unit.

 This puts restrictions on accessing variables and methods

directly and can prevent the accidental modification of data.
 Declare data members as private in the class to make it
inaccessible outside.
 Encapsulation is a combination of data hiding and abstraction.
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 Cont..
 Now let’s use Encapsulation to hide an object’s internal
representation from the outside and make things secure.

 Whenever we work in a team and deal with sensitive data, it’s

not ideal to provide access to all variables used within the class.

 Encapsulation is achieved by using Access Modifiers -

declaring a class’s data members and methods as either private
or protected.

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 Access Modifiers
 Access modifiers are used to limit access to the variables and
methods of a class. Python provides three types of access
modifiers public, private, and protected.

 Public Member: Accessible anywhere from outside the class.

 Private Member: Accessible within the class.

 Protected Member: Accessible within the class and its sub-

classes.

 In Python, we do not have keywords like public, private, and

protected, as in the case of Java. Instead, we achieve this by
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Cont..

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 Cont..
 Public Member

 Public Members can be accessed from outside and within the

class. Making it easy to access by all. By default, all the
member variables of the class are public.

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 Cont..

Private Member

 We can protect variables in the class

by marking them private. To make any
variable a private just add two
underscores as a prefix at the start of
its name. For example, __salary.

 Private members are accessible only

within the class and cannot be
accessed from the objects of the class.
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 Cont..
 NOTE: The output of the above code will throw an error, since
we are trying to access a private variable that is hidden from
the outside.

 How to access private methods outside the class?

 Add private members inside a public method

 You can declare a public method inside the class which uses a
private member and call the public method containing a private
member outside the class.

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 Cont..
 Protected Member

 Protected members are accessible within the class and also available to
its sub-classes.

 To define a protected member, prefix the member name with a single

underscore.

 For example, _project. This makes the project a protected variable that
can be accessed only by the child class.

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 End

Thanks

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