PERIODICITY
(Periodic
Properties
of the Elements)
TUTOR: COURAGE AGBONU (EXPLOIT)
CONTACT: [email protected]
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
PERIODIC
PROPERTIES
A periodic property is a periodic
variation in physical or chemical
properties of elements with increasing
atomic number.
The periodic properties considered here
are;
1.Atomic/ionic radius
2.Electronegativity
3.Ionization energy
4.Electron affinity
Periodic
Properties
of the
5.Atomization energy **** Elements
Atomic/ionic radius
Atomic/ionic radius
is the distance
from the centre of
the nucleus to the
outer shell of the
atom or ion.
Atomic size, on the
other hand, is half
the internuclear
distance two
identical atoms in a
covalent bond. Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Atomic/ionic radius
Atomic radius depends on how strongly
the protons in the nucleus attract or
pull the outermost shell electrons.
Thus the size of an atom depends on
the;
(i)Number of protons
(ii)Number of core shells.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Sizes of Atoms
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Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Atomic/ionic radius
Atomic size decreases across the period
from left to right. In any period, the
atomic number increases and hence
nuclear charge increase by one unit.
However the added electrons go to the
same shell.
Due to this, effective nuclear charge
increases with no change in screening
effect (i.e the ability of the inner shells to
lessen the full impact of attraction by the
protons in the nucleus). Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Atomic/ionic radius
Due to the increase in the
effective nuclear charge, there
is an increase in the attraction
from one atom to the next
across a period and hence a
decrease in atomic size.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Atomic/ionic radius
On the other hand, atomic size increases down
a group. In any group, the added electrons go
to new shells. This leads to an increase in
screening effect, more than the increase in
nuclear charge.
In effect, effective nuclear charge decreases
considerably down a group and hence an
increase in atomic size.
In summary, increase in effective nuclear
charge leads to a decrease in atomic size while
an increase in shielding effect leads to an
increase in atomic size. Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Atomic/ionic radius
The size of an anion is The size of cation
bigger than its neutral is smaller than its
atom. This is because neutral atom. The
the anion contains cation contains
more electrons than more protons than
protons. electrons. This
This lessens the increases the
nuclear pull to give effective nuclear
the anions a bigger charge and hence
size. smaller size.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Sample Question
Arrange the following elements in
order of increasing atomic size.
Explain your answer. Na, Mg, Al, Si.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Sizes of Ions
Ionic size
depends
upon:
Nuclear
charge.
Number of
electrons.
Orbitals in
which
electrons
reside.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Sizes of Ions
Cations are
smaller than
their
parent/neutral
atoms. This is
because there
are more
protons than
electrons and
this increases
the effective
nuclear charge.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Sizes of Ions
Anions are
larger than
their parent
atoms. This is
because the
added
electrons
reduces the
nuclear charge
and repulsions
are increased.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Sizes of Ions
Ions increase in
size as you go
down a group.
This is due to
increasing number of
shells.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Assignment
Explain the following
observation: Atomic size
decreases across a period whilst
it increases down a group in the
periodic table.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Isoelectronic species
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Sample Question
(a) Group the following as
isoelectronic species; Na+, Li+ ,O2-
, He, Mg2+, Al3+, Be2+, S2-, B3+,
Cl- ,Ca2+
(b) Arrange the species in each
group in increasing order of size.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Ionization Energy
It is the amount of energy required to
remove an electron (one mole) from
the valence shell of an isolated gaseous
species.
First ionization energy is that energy
required to remove first electron.
Na -------> Na+ + e-
Second ionization energy is that energy
required to remove second electron,
etc. Mg -------> Mg2+ + 2e- Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
The removal of the second electron
requires more energy than the first.
This is because fewer electrons are
now being attracted by the same
nuclear charge.
The removal of the third electron
from the outermost shell is known
as the third ionization potential or
energy. Al -------> Al + 3e
3+ -
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Factors influencing ionization
energy are;
i.Atomic radius
ii.Stability of the electron
configuration
iii.Shielding effect of core shells
iv.Size of the positive nuclear
charge
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Trends in First Ionization
Energies
Ionization energy increases across a
period from left to right. This is
because as size decreases (due to
increase in effective nuclear charge),
electrons become more tightly held to
the nucleus and hence requires more
energy to remove an electron.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Down the group however, size
increases due to improved shielding
effect and hence weak nuclear pull.
As a result, electrons are not tightly
held and hence smaller amount of
energy is required to remove an
electron.
NB: the noble gases have extremely
high I.E due to their stable electronic
configuration. Also higher energies
are required to remove electron(s)
Periodic
Properties
of the
half-filled valence shells. Elements
Successive ionization energies for a
particular element increases as more
electrons are removed from it. Two main
reasons are responsible for this;
(i) fewer outer shell electrons are being
attracted by the same number of
protons in the nucleus.
(ii) successive electrons are closer to the
nucleus and are lower in energy. A
stronger force of attraction has to be
overcome to remove electron(s).
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Ionization Energy
• It requires more energy to remove each
successive electron.
• When all valence electrons have been
removed, the ionization energy takes a
quantum leap.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Trends in First Ionization
Energies
There are some
discontinuities in
the general trend
For atoms in the
same group, the
nuclear charge is
essentially the
same, but the
valence electrons
are farther from
the nucleus.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Sample question
Explain why the first ionization energy of;
(i) Sodium is lower than that of
magnesium but the second ionization
energy of magnesium is much lower
than sodium.
(ii) Helium is higher than that of
hydrogen.
(iii) Boron is greater than that of lithium.
(iv) Nitrogen is greater than that of
oxygen.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Electron Affinity
Electron affinity is the energy
change accompanying addition of
an electron to gaseous atom.
It can be defined as the energy
change that occurs when one of
electron is added to the outermost
shell of an isolated gaseous
species form a singly charged
anion.
Cl + e− Cl− Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
This property is exhibited by non-
metals with high ionization potential.
When an electron is being added to a
neutral atom, it has to overcome the
repulsive forces of the electrons in the
shells. It is however helped by the
attraction of protons in the nucleus.
The net effect of repulsion and
attraction for the incoming electron
releases or absorbs energy when the
electron is finally added to the valence
Periodic
Properties
shell. of the
Elements
Generally, non-metals have high negative
electron affinity while metals have low
negative electron affinity. Noble gases
have zero electron affinity while the
halogens** have the highest E.A.
Electron affinity values are influenced by
the following factors;
(i) Atomic radius (E.A decreases with
increasing atomic radius)
(iii) Nuclear charge (E.A increases with
increasing nuclear charge)
Periodic
(iii) Screening effect (E.A decreases with
Properties
of the
increasing number of core shells) Elements
Trends in Electron Affinity
Down a group, electron affinity
decreases due to increase in atomic
radius. This is because more shells
are added down a group and this
increases the size of the atom.
Screening effect also increases
down a group and hence a
decrease in nuclear attraction. E.A
decreases with decreasing nuclear
Periodic
attraction and increasing size. Properties
of the
Elements
Electron affinity increases across a
period from left to right. This is
because as size decreases, due to
increase in effective nuclear charge.
The incoming electrons are readily
attracted by the increasing positive
nuclear charge.
E.A values are generally exothermic
(negative).
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Trends in Electron Affinity
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Electronegativity
It the ability of an atom to pull (or
withdraw) shared pair of electrons in a
covalent bond more onto itself.
Electronegativity increases with
decreasing size. Thus electronegativity
increases across a period from left to
right.
Fluorine is the most electronegative
element while noble gases having zero
electronegativity. Electronegativity
however, decreases down a group dueProperties
to
Periodic
of the
increasing size. Elements
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LESSON
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
