Chapter 1 –

Numbers
 Complex Number System
R
Reals Pure Imaginary

Rationals , , , etc.
(Can be written as fractions)
Integers
(…, -1, -2, 0, 1, 2, …)
Irrationals
Whole (Cannot be
(0, 1, 2, …) written as a
fraction)
Natural ,
(1, 2, …)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
 Since all number belong to the Complex number field, C, all number
can be classified as complex. The Real number field, R, and the
imaginary numbers, i, are subsets of this field as illustrated below.

Complex Numbers
a + bi

Real Numbers Pure Imaginary Numbers

a + 0i 0 + bi
A LITTLE HISTORY

 Math is used to explain our universe. When a recurring

phenomenon is seen and can’t be explained by our present
mathematics, new systems of mathematics are derived.
 In the real number system, we can’t take the square root of
negatives, therefore the complex number system was created.
 Complex numbers revolutionized computer graphics
REAL AND IMAGINARY NUMBERS

• In the set of real numbers, negative numbers do not have

square roots.
• Imaginary numbers were invented so that negative numbers
would have square roots and certain equations would have
solutions.
• These numbers were devised using an imaginary unit
named .

i 1
REAL AND IMAGINARY NUMBERS

• The imaginary numbers consist of all numbers bi, where b is a

real number and i is the imaginary unit, with the property that i²
= -1.
• The first four powers of i establish an important pattern and
should be memorized.

Powers of i

1 2 3 4
i i i  1 i  i i 1
EXAMPLE
Express these numbers in terms of i

1.)  5   1 5 i 5
1.)

2.) 
2.)  7   1 7  i 7

3.)
3.)  99   1 99 ¿ 𝑖 √ 9 √ 11
3i 11
NOW YOUR TURN

4.
 7 i 7
5.   36  6i
6.
 160 4i 10
MULTIPYING IMAGINARY NUMBERS

47i 2 94i
2i   5 2i   15 2i i 5
2
2i 5  2 5
2
  3   7  i 3 i 7  i 21

 ( 1) 21  21
RECAP

2 2
i (  1)  1
3 2
i i i ( 1)i  i
4 2 2 2
i (i ) ( 1) 1
COMPLEX NUMBER

a + bi
real imaginary

The complex numbers consist of all sums a + bi,

where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary
unit. The real part is a, and the imaginary part is bi.
ADD OR SUBTRACT

7.) 7i  9i 16i

8.) ( 5  6i )  (2  11i )  3  5i

9.) (2  3i)  (4  2i) 2  3i  4  2i

 2  i
MULTIPLY

3i 4i 12 i 212(  1)  12

7i 
2 2
7 i 2
49(  1)  49

REMEMBER: i² = -1
YOUR TURN

 7i 12i  84i 2  84(  1)

84
 11i   11 i 
2 2 2
121(  1)
 121
MULTIPYING COMPLEX NUMBER

4  3i 7  2i 
2
28 8i 21i 6i
2
28  29i  6i
28  29i  6( 1)
28  29i  6
22  29i
 2  i 3 10i 
2
6  20i  3i  10i
2
6  17i  10i
6  17i  10 1
6  17i  10
16  17i
5  7i 5  7i 
2
25 35i 35i  49i
25  49( 1)
25  49
74
CONJUGATE

• The conjugate of a + bi is a – bi

• The conjugate of a – bi is a + bi
CONJUGATE

3  4i 3  4i

 4  7i  4  7i
5i  5i
6 6

𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 6+0 𝑖 is the same as 6 − 0 𝑖

DIVISION

 5  9i 1  i  5  5i  9i  9i 2
 2
1 i 1 i 1i  i  i
 14  4i  14  4i

1 i 2 
2
 7  2i
2  3i 3  5i 6  10i  9i  15i 2

3  5i 3  5i 9  15i  15i  25i 2
 9  19i  9  19i
 2 
9  25i 34
WHAT ARE INDICES

 Indices provide a way of writing numbers in a more convenient form

 Indices is the plural of Index
 An Index is often referred to as a power
INDEX FORM

5 x 5 x 5= 53
2 x 2 x 2 x 2= 24
7 x 7 x 7x 7 x =
7 75
7 is the BASE 5 is the
NUMBER INDEX

53 , 75 & 24 are numbers in INDEX FORM

COMBINING NUMBERS

5 x 5 xx52 x 2 x 2 x 2
= 53x 24
We cannot simplify this anymore
Can ONLY do that if BASE NUMBERS are the same
RULE 1 : MULTIPLICATION

26 x 24 = 210 General Rule

24 x 22 = 26
35 x 37 = 312 am x an = am+n
RULE 2 : DIVISION

26 ÷ 24 = 22 General Rule
25 ÷ 22 = 23
35 ÷ 37 = 3-2 am ÷ an = am-n
RULE 3 : BRACKETS

(26)2 = 26 x 26= 212 General Rule

(35)3 = 35 x 35 x 35 = 315 (am)n = am x n

 RULE 4 : INDEX OF 0
How could you get an answer of 30?

General Rule
35 ÷ 3=
5
35-5= 30
30 =1 a0 = 1
ARITHMETIC OPERATION – MULTIPLE OPERATION

26 x 24= 210= 27
23 23
35 x 37= 312= 38
34 34
25 x 23 = 28 = 22
24 x 22 26
INDICES ALGEBRA

a6 x a4 = a10
b5 x b7= b12
c5 x c 3 = c8 = c 4
c4 c4
a5 x a3 = a8 = a-2
a4 x a6 a10
2a3 x 3a=
4
2 x 3 x a3 x a4= 6a7
8a6 ÷ 4a
= (8 ÷ 4) x (a6 ÷ a4=) 2a2
4

28a6
4a 4
SURD Calculate the following roots:

√ 36 √ 8 √ 81 √ 125 √ 32
3 4 3 5

=6 =2 =3 =5 =2

All of the above roots have exact values and are called
rational .
Now use a calculator to estimate the following roots:

√2 √ 21
3
√ 100
4
√ 83
1.41 2.76 3.16 9.11
All these roots do not have exact values and are called
irrational.
They are called surds.
ADDING & SUBTRACTING
SURDS.
Because a surd such as 2 cannot be calculated exactly it can be
treated in the same way as an “x” variable in algebra. The
following examples will illustrate this point.

4 √ 2+6 √ 2 16 √ 23 −7 √ 23
10 2 9 23

Treat this expression the same as : Treat this expression the same as :

4 x + 6x = 10x 16 x - 7x = 9x
10 √ 3+7 √ 3−4 √ 3 8 √17−12 √17
13 3  4 17
SIMPLIFYING SQUARE ROOTS.
Some square roots can be broken down into a mixture of integer
values and surds. The following examples will illustrate this idea:

To simplify 12 we must split 12 into factors but

at least one of the factors used must have an
Simplify: exact square root.
Now simplify the square root.
12
From this example it can be appreciated that you
= 4 x must use the square numbers as factors in order
to simplify the square root.
3
= 2 3
The square numbers are:

4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100,121,144,169,196,225
RATIONALISING SURDS
You may recall from your fraction work that the top line of a
fraction is the numerator and the bottom line the denominator.

2 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
=
3 𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 .
Fractions can contain surds:

2 5 3 2
3 4 7 3 5
If by using certain maths techniques we remove the surd from
either the top or bottom of the fraction then we say we are
“rationalising the numerator” or “rationalising the
denominator”.
CONJUGATE PAIRS

Consider the expression below:

( √ 3+6)( √ 3 − 6)
This is a conjugate pair. The brackets are identical apart from
the sign in each bracket .