Structural and Functional
Genomics
TOPIC:
TRANSCRIPTOME, PROTEOME AND
METABOLOME
CLASS:
MS BOTANY 2nd SEMESTER
SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP NO (1)
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR ASIF GHAFOOR
GROUP MEMBERS:
ABDULLAH SALEEM (12)
MUHAMMAD MURSALEEN (06)
KAINAT RASOOL (13)
IQRA AMIN (14)
AYESHA KOSER (03)
SAMREEN AKHTAR (20)
Proteome:
Introduction:
The proteome refers to all the proteins expressed by a
cell, tissue, or organism at a particular time under
specific conditions.
1. Transport: (Hemoglobin)
2. Structural: (Keratin)
3. Hormone: (Insulin)
4. Contractile: (Actin, Myosin)
5. Storage: egg white (Albumin)
The Proteome Approach:
The proteome approach aims to study all the proteins
within a system, their structure, function, and
interactions of proteins.
This approach can be broadly divided into the
following steps:
1. Protein Extraction
2. Protein Separation
3. Protein Identification
Function of proteome:
The function of the proteome is vast and diverse, as
proteins play essential roles in virtually every biological
process.
They serve as structural components, enzymes catalyzing
biochemical reactions, receptors for signaling molecules,
transporters, regulators of gene expression, and much
more.
Essentially, the proteome governs the functional
characteristics and behaviors of living organisms.
Role of proteome in genomics:
Protein Expression: Helps in determining which genes
are being expressed by identifying the corresponding
proteins.
Protein Function: Provides insights into the functions of
unknown genes through the study of their protein
products.
Protein Interactions: Proteomics helps map out protein-
protein interactions, revealing complex cellular networks
and pathways.
Role of proteome in genomics:
Pathogenesis: Helps elucidate the molecular mechanisms
underlying diseases by comparing proteomes of healthy
and diseased tissues.
Biomarkers: Identifies specific proteins that serve as
biomarkers for early detection, diagnosis, and monitoring
of diseases.
Metabolome
Introduction
The metabolome refers to the complete set of small molecules
(metabolites) present within a biological sample, such as a cell,
tissue, or organism, at a given time. It encompasses a wide range
of compounds including amino acids, sugars, lipids, and other
organic molecules involved in cellular metabolism.
The metabolome is essentially the chemical fingerprint of a
biological system. It comprises all the metabolites produced by
the metabolic processes within an organism.
These metabolites are small molecules involved in various
biochemical reactions, including energy production, synthesis of
cellular components, and signaling pathways.
Understanding the metabolome is crucial for fields such as
metabolomics, systems biology, and personalized medicine, as it
offers a comprehensive view of the biochemical processes
underlying health and disease.
Function of Metabolome in genetics.
The metabolome plays a significant role in genetics by serving as
a bridge between an organism’s genetic makeup (genome) and
its observable characteristics (phenotype). Here’s how it
functions in genetics:
1. Metabolic Pathways:
The metabolome reflects the activity of various metabolic
pathways, which are often influenced by genetic factors.
2. Gene Regulation:
Metabolites can act as signaling molecules that regulate gene
expression through various mechanisms such as epigenetic
modifications or transcription factor activity.
Understanding how genetic variations affect metabolite levels
can provide insights into gene regulation networks and disease
susceptibility.
3. Biomarker Discovery:
Certain metabolites in the metabolome can serve as biomarkers
for genetic diseases or genetic predispositions to certain
conditions.
By analyzing the metabolome, researchers can identify
metabolic signatures associated with specific genetic mutations
or variations, aiding in early diagnosis and personalized
treatment approaches.
Transcriptome
Introduction
Transcriptome refers to the complete set of RNA transcripts
produced by the genome of an organism under specific
circumstances or in a specific cell type.
It essentially represents all the RNA molecules, including
messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer
RNA (tRNA), and non-coding RNA (ncRNA), present in a cell or
a population of cells at a particular moment. The transcriptome
provides valuable information about gene expression patterns,
alternative splicing events, and regulatory mechanisms within
cells.
Function of Transcriptome in Genetics
The transcriptome plays several crucial roles in genetics:
1. Gene Expression Regulation:
It provides insight into which genes are actively being
transcribed into RNA molecules, indicating which proteins are
being produced by the cell.
2. Alternative Splicing:
It reveals the diversity of mRNA isoforms generated from a
single gene, enabling the production of multiple protein variants
from a single gene.
3. Identification of Non-Coding RNAs:
It helps in discovering and characterizing non-coding RNAs,
which play regulatory roles in gene expression, chromatin
structure, and other cellular processes.
4. Disease Mechanisms:
Changes in the transcriptome can indicate disease states, as aberrant
gene expression is often associated with various diseases, including
cancer and genetic disorders.
5. Target Identification:
Understanding the transcriptome can aid in identifying potential drug
targets by revealing genes or pathways that are dysregulated in diseases.
Thank You
