Good Day!
LIPIDS
ALLENA D. MILAN, RMT
LIPIDS INTRODUCTION
LIPIDS
- Refers to fat and fat-like substances
- Are biomolecules that are insoluble to
water but are soluble in organic solvents
- The water insolubility is due to the fact
that the polar portion of their molecule is
much smaller ten the non- polar portion.
- Lipids are ingested through foods such as
dairy, oils, fish, nuts
• FUNCTION
LIPIDS - Storage of energy in the form of body
fat
TYPES OF
LIPIDS
• Simple lipids
• large reservoir of energy in the body
and are characterized as not being
soluble in water.
• Triglycerides are esters of fatty acids
with glycerol. It is found in fats and
oils.
• The triacylglycerol is the simplest and
most common fat. It is the form in
which lipids are stored in the cell.
• Fats and oils
TYPES OF
LIPIDS
• Compound lipids
• Lipids are linking with other
compounds, such as phospholipids
and glycolipids.
• lipids that can be hydrolyzed under
alkali conditions to generate smaller
constituents
• Sterols & Steroids
• Waxes
TYPES OF
LIPIDS
• Derived lipids
• Are fatty acids that can originate from
the simple and compound lipids by
means of hydrolysis
• They are substances that are soluble
in lipid or derived from the above
groups of lipids by hydrolysis; for
examples, cholesterol and fat-soluble
vitamins
FATTY
Building blocks of
lipid; have a long
hydrocarbon chain
ACIDS
containing a
carboxyl group at
the end
• saturated fatty acids and
• unsaturated fatty acids
Divided into
(unsaturated contain double
bonds).
General Formula:
CH3 (CH2) n COOH
FATTY ACIDS
• Saturated Fatty Acids
- Fats that have single bonds along their fatty acid chains
- FA contain long, unbranched chains of carbon atoms.
- These are solid at room temperature.
- Examples: animal fats, processed and deep-fried foods, dairy
products, coconut oil, kernel corn oil
FATTY ACIDS
• Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Unsaturated fats are fats or fatty acids that are liquid a room
temperature.
- Unsaturated fats are derived from plants and some animals.
- They contain at least one double bond in their fatty acid chain.
- Unsaturated fatty acids contain carbon chains with one or more double bond.
- Type of Bond:
• Hydrocarbon chain without double bond (only single bond).
• Hydrocarbon chain with one or more double bonds (C=C).
Structure of Fatty Acid
QUALITATIVE
TESTS OF LIPIDS
• SOLUBILITY TEST
• It is used to test the solubility
of oils indifferent solvents.
• Determine the ability of
compounds to dissolve in a
solvent, which is usually a
liquid.
• Essential to determine the
size and polarity of unknown
compounds and the presence
of acidic and basic functional
groups.
• SOLUBILITY TEST
• Principle: The solubility of protein substance is the
proportion of nitrogen present in the sample, which
QUALITATIV is in a soluble state. Fats are not dissolved in water
due to their nature, non-polar (hydrophobic), but it
E TESTS OF is soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform,
benzene, and boiling alcohol.
LIPIDS • Interpretation:
• Negative solubility test – proteins not soluble
in different solvents; cloudy solution with
precipitates
• Positive solubility test – proteins are soluble in
different solvents; clear solutions, absence of
precipitates
• SAPONIFICATION TESTS
• The process of making soap
QUALITATIV • Saponification is characterized as “hydration
reaction wherein free hydroxide breaks the
E TEST OF bonds of ester between triglyceride fatty acids
and glycerol, resulting in free fatty acids and
LIPIDS glycerol”.
• Determined by hydrolysis of an ester with NaOH
or KOH to give alcohol and sodium or potassium
salt of the acid.
• The test is based on the saponification reaction
where triglycerides react with an alkali NaOH to
produce soap and glycerol in the presence of
ethanol – alkaline hydrolysis of esters
• SAPONIFICATION TEST
• Principle: Saponification is a process of
QUALITATIV hydrolysis of oils or fat with alkaline and
result in glycerol and salts of fatty acids
E TESTS OF (soap) and can be used the process of
saponification in the separation of
LIPIDS saponifiable materials from unsaponified
(which are soluble in lipid).
• Interpretation: esters react with an
organic base to produce alcohol and
soap (fatty acid salt)
QUALITATIV • SALTING-OUT
• Separation of soap by salting out
E TESTS OF • Principle: To get the soap out of solution
LIPIDS by salting out when added solid sodium
chloride to the solution until saturation;
separated soap in the form of insoluble
and floats above the surface
• FORMATION OF FATTY ACIDS SALT TEST
QUALITATIV • Working calcium, magnesium, lead or iron
ions to the deposition of soap and make it
E TESTS OF insoluble in water, where solve these ions
replace the sodium or potassium ions are
LIPIDS present in soap. Due to the hard water to
contain significant quantities of Ca+2,
Mg+2 and some Fe +3 are difficult to
foam.
• Potassium soap + calcium sulfate ===>
calcium soap + potassium sulfate
• Copper Acetate Test
QUALITATIV • Test to distinguish between oil or neutral fat and
fatty acid saturated and unsaturated
E TESTS OF • Principle: The copper acetate solution does not react
with the oils (or fats), while saturated and
LIPIDS unsaturated fatty acids react with copper acetate to
form copper salt. Copper salt formed in the case of
unsaturated fatty acids can only be extracted by
petroleum ether.
• Interpretation:
• Positive: Medium becomes alkalinized (blue) as
a result of the growth and use of acetate.
• Negative: No growth or growth with no
indicator change to blue.
QUALITATI
VE
ESTIMATI • LIEBERMAN- BURCHARD TEST
• Detects the presence of cholesterol
ON OF • is a chemical estimation of cholesterol, the cholesterol
is react as a typical alcohol with a strong ,concentrated
CHOLESTE acids; the product are colored substances
ROL Principle: Acetic anhydride are used as solvent and
dehydrating agents, and the sulfuric acid is used as
dehydrating and oxidizing agent .A positive result is
observed when the solution becomes red , then blue,
and finally bluish –green color.
QUALITATI
VE
ESTIMATI • UNSATURATION TEST
ON OF
CHOLESTE Principle:
All neutral lipid contain glycerides of some
ROL unsaturated fatty acids. These unsaturated fatty acids
become saturated by taking up iodine. If the fat contains
more unsaturated fatty acids, it will take up more iodine.
QUALITATI • ACROLEIN TEST
VE • Most lipids are found in the form of triglycerides, an
ester formed from glycerol and fatty acids.
ESTIMATI • When a fat is heated strongly in the presence of a
ON OF dehydrating agent such as KHSO4, the glycerol portion
of the molecule is dehydrated to form the unsaturated
CHOLESTE aldehyde, acrolein
Principle:
ROL When a fat is heated strongly in the presence of
a dehydrating agent such as KHSO4, the glycerol portion
of the molecule is dehydrated to form the unsaturated
aldehyde, acrolein [CH2=CH-CHO], which can be
distinguished by its irritating acrid smell and as burnt
grease. Lipid can detect by dye Sudan IV (general dye for
lipid), which produce red color with lipid.
• ACROLEIN TEST
• Principle:
QUALITATI
VE
ESTIMATIO
N OF
CHOLESTE
ROL
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!
