Carbon & Its Compounds
INTRODUCTION
• C is a non- metal
• The amount of carbon present in the earth’s
crust and atmosphere is very small.
• All the living things, plants and animals, are
made up of carbon based compounds which
are known as organic compounds.
• Carbon is a versatile element.
- How will you test the presence of
carbon in any material?
COVALENT BONDING
i. It could gain 4 electrons forming C4- anion. But it
would be difficult for the nucleus with six protons
to hold on 10 electrons.
ii. It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cation. But
it would require a large amount of energy to
remove 4 electrons leaving behind carbon cation
with six protons in its nucleus holding on to just
two electrons.
Solution?
Covalent Bonding
A chemical bond formed between two atoms by
mutual sharing of valence electrons between two
atoms so that each atom acquires the stable
electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas
is called COVALENT BOND and the compound
formed by sharing of electrons are called
covalent compound.
CH4
Show Covalent bonding in:
i.CCl4
ii.NH3
iii.O2
iv.N2
Occurrence of Carbon
1.Free State
2.Combined State
Allotropes of Carbon
The phenomenon of existence of an element in
two or more forms which have different physical
properties but identical chemical properties is
called allotropy and different forms are called
allotropic forms.
Why physical properties of
allotropes are different?
Diamond
- Each carbon atom in diamond crystal is linked to four other
carbon atoms by strong covalent bond.
- The four surrounding C atoms are four vertices of a regular
tetrahedron. It has Rigid Three Dimensional Network
Structure.
- Thus, diamond crystal is made up of carbon atoms which are
powerfully bonded to one another by a network of covalent
bonds- this makes diamond rigid.
Physical Properties
A) Hardest Natural occurring substance known. Density- 3.51g/cm3
B ) High Melting Point: 3930C
C) Electrical and thermal Conductor.
Bad Conductor of Electricity
Very Good Conductor Of Heat- Thermal Conductivity is almost 5
times that of Copper
D) Refractive Index/ Transparency : High Refractive Index(2.5). So it is
able to reflect and refract light.
Uses Of Diamond
A) Used to make Surgical Knives
B) Properly cut and polished Diamonds are used to make stones and
gems
C) It is used for cutting marbles and glass
Graphite
- It consists layers or sheets of carbon atoms.
- Each carbon atom in graphite layer is joined to three other
carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds to form flat hexagonal
rings.
- Various layers are far apart so no covalent bond can exist
between them.
- These layers are held by weak vander waals forces.
- Why graphite conducts electricity??
Physical Properties
A) It has less Density( 2.22g/cm3) as packing of layers in graphite is not that
close
B) Graphite is a soft Allotrope of Carbon.
C) Electrical and thermal Conductor.
Good Conductor of Electricity
Good Conductor Of Heat
Uses of Grapite-
a) Electrodes of electrolytic cell
b) Due to its softness and greasiness and high melting point, graphite is also used as
lubricant
c)Graphite is also used to make core of lead pencils when mixed with wax and clay as
it marks paper black.
Buckminsterfullerene
- Allotrope of carbon containing cluster of 60 carbons joined together to form spherical
molecule.
- C60.
- Contains 60 Carbons arranged in interlocking hexagonal and pentagonal rings of carbon
atoms.
- 20- hexagons and 12- pentagonal rings of C atoms.
Multiple Bond formation
Electronegativity
Isomerism
Organic Chemistry
Compounds of carbon containing usually hydrogen and
one or more other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur, halogens and phosphorous are called organic
compounds and the branch of chemistry which deals
with the study of organic compounds is called organic
chemistry.
Oxides of carbon????
Organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen are called
hydrocarbon.
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
A homologous series may be defined as a
family of organic compounds having the
same functional groups, similar chemical
properties and successive members of
which differ by a CH2 unit or 14 mass units.
Molecular mass of successive member of homologous series differ by 14U.
Practice Questions
Complete pg 21,22,23 of your
workbook.
Nomenclature
Common System
Some Common Prefixes
a) Normal
If OC has single chain of Carbon, then name is prefixed as , normal or ‘n’
b) Iso
When an OC has ‘(CH3)2CH- ‘ group, the compound is prefixed as ‘Iso’
E.g.- Isobutane , Isopropyl alcohol
Complete
pg 14 of
Workbook
c) Neo
When an OC has ‘(CH3)3C-CH2-’ Group , the compound id prefixed as ‘Neo’
E.g. Neopentane and Neopentyl alcohol
IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
Word Root-
Denotes number of Carbons
1 Meth
2 Eth
3 Prop
4 But
5 Pent
6 Hex
7 Hept
8 Oct
9 Non
10 Dec
Word Root + Primary Suffix
Primary Suffix- Shows Saturation or unsaturation
Alkane – Ane
Alkene- Ene
Alkyne- Yne
E.g. Butane
Branched Chain Hydrocarbons
Prefix + Word Root + Suffix
Alkane- H Alkyl
Ethane – H Ethyl
CH3CH3 – H CH3CH2
Rules for naming Hydrocarbon
• Longest Chain Rule
When we have to name the Hydrocarbon
a) Select a parent chain with maximum number of Hydrocarbons
b) If possible parent chain should include C=C OR C=C.
• Lowest Set or Lowest Sum Rule
When numbering a parent chain, the side groups attached to the parent chain
should get minimum number/ position
• When we have more than 1 similar substituents, then it is prefixed as ,
di-2, tri-3, tetra-4
We dont count these prefixes in naming according to the alphabetic order
• When C=C or C=C is present, then they are given minimum locant positions.
When both are present in parent chain at same locant positions, then DB is
given more priority than TB as alphabetically, ‘e’ gets more priority than ‘y’.
• When more than 1 alkyl groups are there, then naming is done in alphabetic
order.
• A) Comma is put between numbers.
2 2 3 – not right way
2,2,3- right way
B) Dash or hyphen(-) is put between number and the alphabet
2,5,5 trimethylhexane – wrong way
2,5,5-Trimethylhexane – Right way
C) Two successive words are merged as only 1 word.
• For Naming Cyclic HC, We add cyclo as prefix before the word root.
When more than 1 DB or TB are present between carbons, then, word root is
written as ‘Alka’
Do Now
Q1. Identify Alkynes from the following:
CH4, C2H6, C2H2, C3H4, C2H4
Q2. Which of the following organic compounds
are unsaturated?
C3H8 OR C2H4
Do Now
Complete table on page number 16 of
your workbook.
Do Now
1.Show structural formula, condensed
formula and electron dot structure
for the following:
i)Propanal (C3H6O)
ii)Propanoic acid (C3H6O2)
iii)Propyne
Chains, branches and rings
Straight
chain
compounds
Carbon
Compound
Branched
Cyclic
chain
Compounds
compounds
Take example of butane.
• Write its molecular formula.
• How can we arrange these carbons.
• Satisfy the valencies of each carbon with
hydrogen atoms.
• Check the molecular formula of both the
structures.
• Is the formula same?
Compounds having same molecular formula but
different structures are called structural isomers
and the phenomenon of existence of two or more
structures have same molecular formula is called
structural isomerism.
Prefix
n, iso, neo
Pentane
Hexane
Cyclic Compounds
Compounds of carbon in which carbon atoms
are arranged in a ring are called cyclic
compounds.
Saturated
Cyclic • CnH2n
hydrocarbons
Unsaturated
Cyclic • Benzene
hydrocarbons
Heteroatom:
In an organic compound, any atom other than carbon
and hydrogen, is called a heteroatom.
Functional group:
A functional group may be defined as an atom or a
group of atoms present in a molecule which largely
determines the chemical properties.
Alkyl Group:
The group formed by the removal of one hydrogen
atom from an alkane molecule is called an alkyl group.
Functional Groups
• Terminal Functional group:
Aldehyde, Carboxylic acid
• Non- terminal Functional group:
Ketone
• Both- double bond, triple bond
Nomenclature of Carbon
Compounds
1.Common name- Source from which
compound is isolated.
2.IUPAC
Nomenclature of
carbon compounds
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Naming
Haloalkane
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic Acid
Haloalkane (Both)
IUPAC- Chloroethane
Alcohol (Both)
IUPAC- 1-Ethanol
Common Name- ethyl alcohol
Aldehyde (Terminal)
IUPAC: Ethanal
Common Name-
Acetaldehyde
Ketone (Non- Terminal)
IUPAC: 2- Butanone
Carboxylic Acid (Terminal)
IUPAC- Butanoic acid
Branched Chain
( Substituents get lowest
number)
Write position and name of alkyl group
just before the name of parent
Chemical properties
Combustion reaction
Substitution reaction
Oxidation reaction
Addition reaction
COMBUSTION
The process of burning of a carbon compound in air to
give carbon dioxide, water, heat and light is called
combustion.
Saturated hydrocarbons: blue, non- sooty flame.
( Percentage of C in saturated hydrocarbons is less)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Yellow, sooty flame
All those fuels which are gaseous or can be
converted into vapours on heating burn with
flame.
OXIDATION
Addition of oxygen to any substance is called oxidation.
- Combustion- complete oxidation.
- Partial oxidation: Oxidising agents ( Alkaline potassium
permanganate, acidified potassium dichromate)
Heat
Addition Reactions
Addition reaction is characteristic property of unsaturated
hydrocarbons.
The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to
obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation.
Vegetable oil containing unsaturated fatty
acids are good for our health.
Saturated fats like vegetable ghee, animal
fat( butter, desi ghee) are not good for
health.
All unsaturated compounds decolourise bromine
water but saturated compounds do not
decolourise bromine water.
Which of the following can undergo
addition reaction:
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2, CH4
SUBSTITUTION REACTION
• Saturated hydrocarbons
• Reaction with chlorine in presence of sunlight
• Reactions in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a
hydrocarbon are replaced by some other atoms is called
substitution reaction.
Carbon • Ethanol
Compounds • Ethanoic Acid
Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)
• C2H5OH (Covalent compound)
Physical properties
• Colourless liquid, pleasant smell & Burning taste
• Volatile liquid, BP= 78C
• Ethanol mixes with water at any proportion.
• Ethanol containing 5% water is called rectified
spirit, it is commercial alcohol.
• 100% Pure ethanol is called absolute alcohol.
Chemical Properties
Combustion Oxidation
Reaction
with sodium Dehydration
metal
Reaction
with
carboxylic
acid
Combustion
• Highly inflammable liquid
+ Heat + Light
Some countries add ethanol to petrol, ethanol
is a clean fuel.
• Produced on a large scale from sugar cane
crop.
• Ethanol is produced by the fermentation
of cane sugar present in molasses.
xidation (Controlled combustion
Alkaline potassium permanganate & acidified
potassium dichromate are strong oxidising agents
Reaction with sodium metal
Test for alcohol
Dehydration
Dehydration: Removal of water
Conc. Sulfuric acid is dehydrating agent
Reaction with Ethanoic acid
Sweet smelling ester
The reaction in which carboxylic acid
combines with an alcohol to form an
ester is called esterification.
Uses Harmful effects
Manufacture paints, Slows down the
medicines, dyes, soap, activity of nervous
perfumes. system.
Used as solvent. Slurred speech,
Medicines: tincture of blurred vision,
iodine, cough syrups dizziness, vomiting.
Fuel Damage liver,
stomach, heart,
Drinks: Wine( 10-20%),
brain.
Whisky( 35%)
Methanol- Blindness
Antiseptic
& even death.
Denatured Alcohol
Denatured alcohol is ethyl alcohol which has been made
unfit for drinking purposes by adding small amounts of
poisonous substances like methanol, pyridine, copper
sulfate etc.
Ethanoic Acid
CH3COOH
• Acetic acid
• A dilute solution of ethanoic acid- Vinegar
• Vinegar contains 5-8% ethanoic acid.
Physical Properties
• Colourless liquid, sour taste, smell of vinegar
• BP= 118C
• Pure ethanoic acid- Glacial acetic acid
• Miscible with water in all proportions.
Chemical Properties
Reaction with
Action on litmus carbonates &
hydrogencarbonates
Reaction with
Sodium Hydroxide
Alcohol
Action on litmus
Weak Acid
Reaction with carbonates
and bicarbonates
• Reaction with carbonates
• Reaction with bicarbonates
Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide
Reaction with Alcohol
• Formation of ester
• Esters are used as flavouring agents.
• Making perfumes.
• Esters can be hydrolysed back to alcohol and
carboxylic acid.
Alkaline hydrolysis of ester is known as
saponification (Soap making)
Soaps & Detergents
SOAPS:
A soap is sodium salt ( or potassium salt) of a long chain
carboxylic acid which has cleansing properties in water.
Soap has two parts: Hydrocarbon group & ionic
group.
Example:
1.Sodium stearate: C17H35COO-Na+
2.Sodium Palmitate: C15H31COO-Na+
Manufacture of soap
Fat or vegetable oils + NaOH Soap +
Glycerol
(Ester)
Alcohol
Alkaline hydrolysis of ester is known as
saponification (Soap making)
Why do we add common salt?
Common salt is added to precipitate out all the soap
from aqueous solution: Common salt decreases the
solubility of soap in solution.
Oil and grease are insoluble in water but soap
makes oil and grease particles dissolve in water.
Structure of soap
Hydrocarbon chain: Hydrophobic (Water
Repelling)
Ionic Part: Hydrophilic ( Water Attracting)
Hydrocarbon part of the soap molecule attaches to
oil and ionic part is attached to water.
Micelle Formation
Cleansing Action of soap
Micelle: A spherical aggregate of soap molecule in
soap solution.
When dirty cloth is
agitated in soap
solution, oil and greasy
particles present on its
surface get entrapped
by soap micelles and
get dispersed in water
due to which soap
water becomes dirty
and cloth gets cleaned.
Limitations of Soap
Detergents
Detergents are ammonium or sulfate salts of long chain hydrocarbons containing 12-18
carbons.
C. Synthetic detergents can even be used in acidic medium.
D. Cleansing power of synthetic detergent is much higher than
soap.
Disadvantages
