PAKISTAN WITH INDIA
International relations
0 TIMELINE
0
10
Q&A
SIGNIFICANT
2
EVENTS 3 SESSION
TIMELINE
Kashmir issue - India
1987 Threat of war
1948-9 water treaty - Border
agreement
Good relations –
Nehru pact for 1988-9 Kargal issue –
1950 minorities Relations deteriorate
1965 India – Pakistan war 1999- Good relations with
2007 Musharaf Goverment
War – Bangladesh
Good relations with
1971-2 partition – Simla 2007-11 Zardari Goverment
accord
1948-9
Kashmir Issue and Ceasefire
• This dispute began when Pakistan and India clashed over the princely state of Jammu
and Kashmir.
• A ceasefire was brokered by United Nations in 1949, dividing Kashmir along the Line
of Control (LoC).
• This can be considered as both failure and success
• FAILURE
- not resolved the underlying Kashmir dispute
- hasn't brought lasting peace.
• May be considered as success as it prevented large-scale wars
• Tensions increased when India stopped Pakistan’s water supply from rivers flowing
from Indian territory, a major grievance for Pakistan.
There was also an agreement over Bengal and the Assam border, focusing on post-Partition
adjustments.
1950
The Liaquat-Nehru Pact
This was signed on April 8, 1950, was a bilateral agreement between India and
Pakistan aimed at protecting minority rights in both countries. This pact came about
after communal tensions and violence erupted following the partition of British India in
1947, resulting in massive migrations and unrest.
Key provisions
• Security: Protection of life, property, and honor of minorities
.• Equality: Equal rights and opportunities for all citizens, regardless of religion or
ethnicity
.• Non-Discrimination: Elimination of discrimination based on religion, race, caste, or
creed
.• Repatriation: Return of minority individuals who migrated after partition
.• Cultural and Educational Rights: Preservation of minority cultural and educational
rights
This agreement temporarily stabilized the situation but did not resolve border disputes
This again can be considered as both success AND failure
SUCCESS?
Their cooperation in the early years of independence helped establish the foundation
and their discussions on mutual respect and stability reflected and willingness to
maintain cordial ties.
Their early diplomatic discussions aimed at resolving the kashmir dispute -
demonstrated a mutual commitment to peaceful negotiations.
FALIURE?
However, this relationship deteriorated, particularly after the kashmir issue and the
partition. This was due to the ideological differences, leading to mutual suspicion and a
lack of trust, especially over the treatment of minorities and territorial disputes.
What do you think success or failure?
1960
Indus Waters Treaty
Pakistan and India shared the Indus River system, but India controlled the upstream
flow, causing Pakistan to worry about water shortages. This caused many riot and shortage
in food and necessary items, this was signed on signed on September 19, 1960 by the
World Bank.
Rivers were divided as follows:
Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab): Allocated to Pakistan.
Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej): Allocated to India.
The treaty remains one of the most durable agreements between the two countries,
surviving even during wars which can be considered as a long lasting success
How?
As it established peace in the water distribution between India and Pakistan, preventing
conflict over shared river resources. It has endured for over six decades, fostering
cooperation despite political tensions.
1965
The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War was a brief but intense conflict between India and Pakistan
from August 5 to September 23, 1965. Here’s an overview:
Why?
• Kashmir dispute
Key Events:
1. August 5, 1965: Pakistani forces infiltrate Kashmir, sparking Indian counter-attacks—
Kashmir. Territory cities.
2. August 15, 1965: India launches Operation Grand Slam, targeting Pakistani-held
3. September 1, 1965: Pakistan launches Operation Chowinda, attacking Indian-held
4. September 6, 1965: India crosses international border, capturing key Pakistani
5. September 23, 1965: UN-mandated ceasefire.
The only success from the indo-pak wars is that they highlighted the importance of the
kashmir issue, dragging more attention to Kashmir which was quite important.
The wars resulted in significant loss of life and resources, leaving both india and pakistan
with heavy economic and human costs. Rather than bringing peace, the conflicts fueled
a cycle of hostility, making it harder for both sides to come to terms with each other in
the future. The wars also created long-lasting political instability in the region pushing
them further into a pattern of conflict.
Agree?
1971-2
Creation of Bangladesh
In 1971, East Pakistan revolted against the government in West Pakistan , leading
to the Bangladesh Liberation War. India intervened to support the independence
movement in East Pakistan, resulting in a decisive military victory for India and
the creation of Bangladesh.
This conflict left deep animosity between Pakistan and India
1972 Simla Agreement:
In 1972, after the war, both India and Pakistan signed the Simla Agreement, which
aimed to normalize relations and resolve disputes through peaceful means.
It was agreed that both countries would respect the Line of Control (LoC) in
Kashmir, and that any disputes would be resolved without third-party
involvement. The agreement was a significant step towards reducing
hostilities.
It was a success due to creation of Bangladesh however the Kashmir isuue wasn’t
resolved
1987-88
By 1987, tensions between the two nations escalated again Both countries
engaged in heavy military standoffs, particularly in the Siachen Glacier
area
Though a full-scale war didn’t occur, the situation remained fragile with
frequent skirmishes and threats of war.
In 1988, Benazir Bhutto’s democratic government took power . India was
initially cautious but later engaged in attempts to improve relations.
However, the Kashmir issue continued to hinder any substantial progress.
Relations remained difficult throughout the late 1980s, as both countries
struggled with domestic and regional challenge.
These avoided war at a high level however Kashmir issue was yet to resoled
1989
1989 Kargil Issue & Relations Weakened:
The Kargil conflict in 1989 is often cited as one of the turning points in the
relations between the two countries. In the Kargil district of Jammu and
Kashmir, Pakistani forces infiltrated Indian territory, leading to intense military
clashes. The situation was defused with international intervention, but it
deepened the distrust between the two nations.
The Kargil issue significantly worsened the diplomatic relations, and peace
seemed elusive for both sides.
1999
In 1999, General Pervez Musharraf took power in . Musharraf’s tenure
saw some attempts at improving relations with India. One notable
event was the 2001 Agra Summit, where both countries tried to work
on resolving the Kashmir dispute, but talks ultimately collapsed.
Despite some signs of optimism, relations were strained due to
continued violence in Kashmir, cross-border terrorism, and the 2001
Indian Parliament attack, which India blamed on Pakistan-based militant
groups. The tensions led to the 2002 military standoff, one of the
closest points the two countries came to full-scale war.
During Musharraf’s rule, there were some diplomatic efforts to maintain
peace, but the Kashmir issue remained unresolved, and military
confrontations persisted in the region.
2007-11
• In 2007, General Musharraf stepped down, and Asif Ali Zardari, the
widower of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, took over the
presidency. Zardari’s government focused on economic issues,
domestic challenges, and attempts to improve relations with India.
Despite these efforts, the situation was marked by recurring terrorist
attacks in India, which India blamed on Pakistan-based groups, and the
2008 Mumbai attacks, in which Pakistani militants were involved
The period between 2007 and 2011 saw limited engagement and a lack
of significant progress, with both sides focusing on internal matters and
security concerns.
Present issues
The Kashmir dispute remains a core issue, worsened by India’s 2019
revocation which removed Kashmir's special status. this move triggered
unrest, protests, and an increased military presence, deepening
tensions.
Cross-border terrorism continues to fuel hostilities. India accuses
Pakistan of supporting militants in Kashmir and other areas, while
Pakistan denies these claims, further aggravating relations between the
two nations.
Water disputes have also become a major concern, particularly
regarding the Indus water treaty. India’s construction of dams and
hydroelectric projects on rivers that flow into Pakistan has raised
concerns in Pakistan about potential water shortages, especially with
the added pressures of climate change.
CHOOSE THE WRONG/CORRECT
WAS THE INDUS ANSWER
WAS SEPERATION OF
1. WATER TREATY A 2. BENGAL A SUCCES?
SUCCES?
A. Yes, why? A. Yes, why?
B. No, why? B. No, why?
WHERE DID THE
WHO WAS ASIF
3. MILTARY STANDOFFS 4. ALI ZARDARI?
OCCUR?
The father of Benazir
A. Siachen Glacier A.
Bhutto
B. Baltoro Glacier B. The widower of Benazir
Bhutto
