OCCLUSION- AN
INTRODUCTION
BY: NAGHMAN ZUBERI
OCCLUSION
AND Occlusion is defined as the way the teeth meet
MALOCCLUSION when the lower jaw (mandible) and upper jaw
(maxilla) come together. It is how the teeth
contact in any type of functional relationship.
Malocclusion of the teeth is a misalignment
problem that can lead to serious oral health
complications.
Edward Angle’s Classification:
Class I, Class II, Class III
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Occlusion- contact of opposing surface of teeth of two
jaws.
Centric relation- untranslated hinge position of
mandible to maxilla
Centric occlusion- occlusion of teeth as the mandible
closes in centric relation. This is the reference position
from which all the horizontal position are eccentric.
OCCLUSION Disocclusion- contacting of designated groups of teeth in
order to disallow contact of any other groups of teeth.
During lateral movement, orbiting(non-working)
condyle revolves in orbit around rotational center of
opposite rotating(working) condyle, e. g., during right
lateral movement right condyle is working or rotating
condyle and left condyle is orbiting or non-working
condyle.
And vice versa in left lateral movement.
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DISOCCLUSION- ANTERIOR GUIDANCE AND
POSTERIOR DISOCCLUSION
(during protrusive movement)
.. produces dis-occlusion or separation of the
posterior teeth.
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CUSPID RISE /
CANINE
GUIDANCE
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GROUP
FUNCTION
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DISOCCLUSION-
IN CANINE
GUIDANCE, REST
OF THE
DENTITION IS
DISOCCLUDED
AND
IN GROUP
FUNCTION, NON-
WORKING SIDE IS
IN DISOCCLUSION
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Upper Upper
Buccal lingual
Cusp Cusp
Lingual Buccal
Incline Incline
Lower Lower
lingual Buccal
Cusp Cusp
buccal Lingual
Incline Incline
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Maximum intercuspation- most closed complete
interdigitation of mandibular and maxillary teeth irrespective
of condyle centricity.
Protrusion- forward movement of mandible.
TERMS Retrusion- backward movement of mandible.
RELATED TO Transtrusion- total lateral translation or side shift of
OCCLUSION mandible.
Mediotrusion- lateral movement towards midline of head of
orbiting or nonworking condyle.
Laterotrusion- lateral movement away from midline of
working condyle.
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Surtrusion- upward movement of working
condyle from its centric position.
TERMS Detrusion- downward movement of either
RELATED TO condyle from its centric position.
OCCLUSION Hinge axis- imaginary line connecting
rotational center of one condyle and around
which mandible makes opening and closing
rotational movement.
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An ideal occlusion should provide comfort and function in a
predictable way.
1) Ideal occlusion at tooth level
Cusp tip to fossa or cusp to marginal ridge contact – i.e no
incline contacts
IDEAL
OCCLUSION 2) Ideal occlusion at articulatory system level
Posterior stability, Anterior guidance, Lack of posterior
interferences.
3) Ideal occlusion at patient level
Within the adaptability of the rest of the articulatory system.
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A. Anterior Guidance:
In lateral excursions of the mandible, working-side
FEATURES OF contacts (preferably on the canines) disocclude or
IDEAL separate the nonworking teeth instantly.
OCCLUSION
In protrusive excursions, anterior tooth contacts will
disocclude the posterior teeth.
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Protrusive Guidance
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Excursive Guidance 14
B) Posterior stability:
Enough posterior teeth in each arch with solid and stable
contacts in appropriate positions to evenly distribute loads and
to allow the mandible to close in a reproducible CO. Posterior
teeth contact more heavily than anterior teeth
FEATURES OF
IDEAL It is enhanced by tall cusp – deep fossa
OCCLUSION
Maintains teeth position
CO or ICP is easily reproduced
Increased masticatory function
Signs of lack of Posterior Stability are drifting, fremitus, fractured rest, mobility
& wear
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LACK OF POSTERIOR STABILITY
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FEATURES OF IDEAL OCCLUSION
C) Absence of posterior interferences
The non-working
side
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D) Centric Occlusion is achieved at centric
FEATURES OF relation position
IDEAL
OCCLUSION E) Occlusal loads are axially transmitted through
the teeth
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There are three recognized concepts that
describe how teeth should contact in
various mandibular positions
ORGANIZATIO Bilateral balanced occlusion
N OF Unilateral Balanced occlusion
OCCLUSION (Group function)
Mutually protected occlusion
(Canine protected)
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There are three recognized concepts that describe how
teeth should contact in various mandibular positions
Bilateral balanced occlusion
ORGANIZATION
Unilateral Balanced occlusion
OF OCCLUSION (Group function)
Mutually protected occlusion
(Canine protected)
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BILATERAL BALANCED OCCLUSION
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UNILATERAL BALANCED OCCLUSION
(GROUP FUNCTION)
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MUTUALLY PROTECTED OCCLUSION
(CANINE PROTECTED)
Also called canine protected occlusion
Anterior teeth overlap prevents the
posterior teeth from making any contact
on either the working or the nonworking
sides during mandibular excursions.
Anterior teeth bear all the load, and the
posterior teeth are dis-occluded during
excursions. Protecting the posterior
teeth
In CO, posterior teeth direct forces
through their long axis and anterior
teeth are slightly in or out of contact.
Protecting the anterior teeth.
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Describes the influenced path the mandible takes as
GUIDANCE a result of the contacting surfaces of the teeth
depending on the contact and shape of the teeth
they should be in harmony
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PROTRUSIVE GUIDANCE
Influenced path the mandible takes as a
result of a forward thrust
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LATERAL GUIDANCE
Canine
Describes the way in which lateral
excursions are affected by tooth-to-
tooth contacts involving the canine
teeth only resulting in disclusion of the
posterior teeth
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LATERAL GUIDANCE
Group function
When lateral excursions are guided
by more than one tooth other than
the canines
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HANAU’S QUINT
By modifying the following five factors, a scheme of occlusion can
be developed that will suit a particular patient best .
1. Condylar guidance
2. Incisal guidance
3. Occlusal plane orientation
4. Compensating curves
5. Height of the Cusp
Except for the condylar guidance, all other factors can be modified during the
fabrication of a prosthesis and the anterior guidance plays a predominant
role.
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ANTERIOR GUIDANCE
Anterior guidance in dental occlusion refers
to the way the upper and lower front teeth
interact during jaw movement, particularly
when closing the mouth from the fully open
position.
It's a crucial aspect of occlusion as it
determines how the teeth come into
contact and guide the jaw into a stable as
well as functional position.
The guiding inclines (GI) of the maxillary teeth are the
surfaces responsible for the characteristics of anterior
guidance.
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ANTERIOR GUIDANCE
Guidance produced by the teeth themselves
and not the temporomandibular joint (can
be on any tooth)
The influence of contacting surfaces of
anterior teeth on mandibular movements.
The influence of contacting surfaces of the
guide pin and anterior guide table on
articulator movements.
The fabrication of a relationship of the
anterior teeth preventing the posterior tooth
contact in all eccentric mandibular
movements.
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POSTERIOR GUIDANCE
Posterior guidance in dental occlusion
pertains to the interaction between
the back teeth (posterior teeth)
during jaw movement, particularly in
lateral and protrusive movements.
It involves the way the cusps and
surfaces of the upper and lower
molars and premolars guide the jaw
into a stable position during chewing A. Potential sites of contact during eccentric movements (lateral and proximal
view).
and other functional movements. B. Potential sites of eccentric contacts surrounding the cusps of the maxillary and
mandibular first molars (occlusal view).
The drawings to the right depict the typical location of these contacts on the
occlusal surfaces of a maxillary and mandibular first molar.
Note the contacts: LT, laterotrusive; MT, mediotrusive; R, retrusive; P, protrusive
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Stuart describes condylar factors
as determinants of occlusal
morphology and effect on
acceptable cusp height and fossa
depth and allowable ridge and
groove direction of teeth, called as
posterior determinants of
occlusion.
These are-
Side shift
Path of rotating condyle
Intercondylar distance
Path of orbiting condyle
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POSTERIOR DETERMINANTS
A, Angle of the articular eminence B, Anatomy of the medial
(condylar guidance angle). walls of the mandibular
1, Flat; fossae.
2, average; 1, Greater than average;
3, steep. 2, average;
3, minimal side shift.
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The factors within dentition which influences the
mandidular movement are called as anterior
determinants of occlusion.
These are –
Occlusal plane
Curve of Spee
Facial position of teeth
Vertical and horizontal overlap of anterior teeth
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VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL OVERLAP OF ANTERIOR TEETH
Greater the vertical
height, greater will be
cusp height.
More Separation of
Posterior Teeth in
Eccentric Movement
Greater the horizontal
overlap, lesser will be
cusp height. Less
Separation of Posterior
Teeth in Eccentric
Movements.
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PROTRUSIVE INCISAL PATH
The track of the incisal edges of the mandibular
teeth from maximum intercuspation to edge-to-
edge occlusion.
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PROTRUSIVE
INCISAL PATH
The angle formed by the protrusive incisal
ANGLE
path and the horizontal reference plane is the
protrusive incisal path inclination.
It ranges from 50 – 70 degrees and is often 5-
10º steeper than the sagittal condylar
guidance.
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INCISAL GUIDE ANGLE
The angle formed with the horizontal
plane of occlusion and a line in the
sagittal plane between the incisal
edges of maxillary & mandibular
central incisors when the teeth are in
maximum intercuspation.
The angle formed in the sagittal plane
between the horizontal plane and the
slope of the incisal guide table.
On a semi-adjustable articulator, the incisal
guide table represents a mechanical
equivalent of the horizontal and vertical
overlap of the anterior teeth.
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IMPORTANCE OF ANTERIOR GUIDANCE
Opening and closing of the mandible is simply a
rotation of the condyles in the articular fossae.
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IMPORTANCE OF ANTERIOR GUIDANCE
As anterior guidance is normally steeper than the condylar guidance,
the anterior teeth guide the mandible downwards during protrusive or
lateral movement
and …..
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IMPORTANCE OF ANTERIOR GUIDANCE
(during protrusive movement)
.. produces disocclusion or separation of the
posterior teeth in natural dentition.
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Anterior guidance is linked to the combination of
IMPORTANCE OF horizontal & vertical overlap of the anterior teeth
ANTERIOR and
GUIDANCE can affect the occlusal surface morphology of
the posterior teeth.
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INTER-RELATIONSHIP WITH VERTICAL &
HORIZONTAL OVERLAP OF THE ANTERIOR
TEETH
Anterior guidance can be made steeper by either increasing the
vertical overlap (overbite) ‘A-B’, or by reducing the horizontal
overlap (over jet) ‘C-A’ of the anterior teeth.
Anterior guidance can be made shallow by either decreasing the
overbite ‘B-A’ or increasing the over jet ‘A-C’ of the ant. teeth.
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INFLUENCE ANTERIOR GUIDANCE ON
POSTERIOR TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
(EFFECT OF OVERBITE)
Greater overbite produces Less overbite – less
more disocclusion hence disocclusion – shorter Cusp
permits longer cusp height height.
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INFLUENCE OF ANTERIOR GUIDANCE ON
POSTERIOR TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
(EFFECT OF OVER JET)
Greater over jet necessitates Less over jet allows for
shorter cusp height. long cusp height.
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INFLUENCE OF ANTERIOR GUIDANCE ON
POSTERIOR TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
Summarizing,
greater anterior guidance allows posterior
teeth to have longer cusp height
&
smaller anterior guidance requires posterior
teeth to have shorter cusp height.
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INFLUENCE OF ANTERIOR GUIDANCE ON
POSTERIOR TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
By increasing the anterior guidance angle to
compensate for inadequate or shallow condylar
guidance, it is possible to increase the cusp
height of the posterior teeth.
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INFLUENCE OF ANTERIOR GUIDANCE ON
POSTERIOR TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
Similarly, increasing the anterior guidance will permit
lengthening of the cusp that otherwise have to be shorter
in the presence of pronounced immediate lateral
translation (ISS) of the condyles.
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ANTERIOR GUIDANCE AND MANDIBULAR
MOVEMENT
The anterior guidance between the maxillary and
mandibular anterior teeth has a direct influence on the
direction of mandibular movement.
Protrusive movement (arrow):
(a) Steep anterior guidance;
(b) Shallow anterior guidance with the same condylar guidance as
(a).
Note the reduced clearance between the posterior teeth during
protrusion, leading to the cuspal interference and possible wear and
tear.
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KEY FEATURES OF ANTERIOR GUIDANCE
The 4 key features of anterior guidance in dental occlusion are:
1. Incisal Edge Position: The position of the incisal edges of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth determines
the relationship during functional and excursive movements, ensuring proper guidance without interference.
2. Canine Guidance: The canines play a pivotal role in guiding the mandible during lateral excursive movements by
separating the posterior teeth, preventing harmful lateral forces.
3. Overjet and Overbite: The horizontal (overjet- 2-4 mm) and vertical (overbite1-3 mm) relationships between the
maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth establish the functional efficiency and aesthetics of the anterior guidance.
4. Smooth and Efficient Guidance Path: The anterior guidance should provide a smooth and uninterrupted pathway
for the mandibular movement, minimizing occlusal interference and ensuring harmony between the anterior and
posterior teeth during function.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
What is Occlusion?
What is Canine Guidance or Cuspid Rise in Dental Occlusion?
Explain Group Function Occlusion.
What are the determinants of Posterior Guidance?
What are the Key Features of Anterior Guidance?
Explain Mutually Protected Occlusion.
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NAGHMAN ZUBERI
Thanks a lot 52
