POWER SYSTEM STEADY STATE ANALYSIS

Lecture 2
Complex Power, Reactive Compensation, Three Phase

Ali T. Al-Awami
Department of Electrical Engineering
King Fahd university of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)
Reference: Tom Overbye slides, UI
Review of Phasors

Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of

constant frequency ac systems

v(t) = Vmax cos(t + v)

i(t) = Imax cos(t + I)

Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid

1T 2 Vmax

T0
v(t ) dt 
2
Phasor Representation, cont’d

The RMS, cosine-referenced voltage phasor is:

V  V e jV V V
v(t )  Re 2 Ve j t e jV
V  V cosV  j V sin V
I  I cos I  j I sin  I

(Note: Some texts use “boldface” type for

complex numbers, or “bars on the top”)
Advantages of Phasor Analysis

Device Time Analysis Phasor

Resistor v(t ) Ri (t ) V RI
di (t )
Inductor v (t ) L V  j LI
dt
1t 1
Capacitor 
C0
i (t ) dt  v (0) V 
j C
I

Z = Impedance R  jX  Z 
R = Resistance
(Note: Z is a
X = Reactance
complex number but
X
Z = R2  X 2  =arctan( ) not a phasor)
R
 RL Circuit Examplesk

V (t )  2 100cos( t  30 )
f  60Hz
FindRi(t)  4 X  L  3
Z  42  32  5   36.9
V 10030
I  
Z 536.9
 20  6.9 Amps
i(t)  20 2 cos( t  6.9 )
Real vs. Reactive
Power
 Complex Power
IMPORTANT
V
 is the power factor angle

* I
S V I I I  

S V I V0 I VI 

*

S V I cos  j V I sin 
S P  j Q
Real Power Reactive Power
 Real vs. Reactive Power
• The current can be decomposed into:
– A component, I*cosθ, that is in-phase with the
voltage, and
– A component, I*sinθ, that is perpendicular to the
voltage, and

I*cosθ V + I
+


V Z
I
I*sinθ
_
_
9
 Real vs. Reactive Power
• The power, in turn, is decomposed into:
– A component, VI*cosθ, that is due to the current
component in-phase with the voltage. This is called
“the real power”.
– A component, VI*sinθ, that is due to the current
component perpendicular to the voltage . This is
called “the reactive power”.

I*cosθ V + I
+


V Z
I
I*sinθ
_
_
10
 Another
Interpretation of
Real and
Reactive Power
 Instantaneous Per-Phase Power
[p(t)]
v(t ) Vmax sin(t )
i (t )  I max sin(t   )
V

I

 (t )  v(t ) i (t ) Vmax I max sin(t ) sin(t   )

Vmax I max
 (t )  [cos( )  cos(2t   ) ]
2

Nonzero average Zero average

Instantaneous Electric Power [p(t)]

El-Sharkawi@University of Washington 13
Real Power (Average P)

El-Sharkawi@University of Washington 14
 Real Power (Average P)
2
1 2 1 Vmax I max
P
2 
0
 (t ) dt 
2 
0
2
[cos   cos(2t   )] dt

Vmax I max
P cos Vrms I rms cos
2

t
 Reactive Power [Q(t)]
Vmax I max
 (t )  [cos( )  cos(2t   ) ]
2
 ( t )  P  h( t )
Important points!

Frequency of h(t) is
double the h(t)
frequency of supply
voltage

Average value of t
h(t) is 
zero
 Vmax I max
 (t )  [cos( )  cos(2t   ) ]
2
 (t ) VI [cos( )  cos(2t   ) ]
 (t ) VI cos( )  VI cos( ) cos(2t )  sin( ) sin( 2t )

 (t ) VI cos( ) 1  cos(2t )  VI sin( ) sin( 2t )

 (t )  P 1  cos(2t )  Q sin(2t )

Real power Reactive power

El-Sharkawi@University of Washington 17
p (t )  P 1  cos(2t )  Q sin(2t )

Power delivered to load due to the component

of current that is in-phase with voltage

Power delivered to load due to

the component of current that
is 90 deg out of phase with
voltage
Power Triangle
Complex Power

S  V I  cos(V   I )  j sin(V   I ) 
 P  jQ
* (Note: S is a complex number but not a phasor)
V I
P = Real Power (W, kW, MW)
Q = Reactive Power (var, kvar, Mvar)
S = Complex power (VA, kVA, MVA)
Power Factor (pf) = cos
If current leads voltage then pf is leading
If current lags voltage then pf is lagging
Complex Power, cont’d

Relationships between real, reactive and complex power

P  S cos 
2
Q  S sin   S 1  pf

Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85.

What are  (power factor angle), Q and S ?
  -cos  1 0.85   31.8
100kW
S   117.6 kVA
0.85
Q  117.6sin( 31.8 )  62.0 kVar
Power Consumption in Devices
Resistors only consume real power
2
PResistor  I Resistor R
Inductors only consume reactive power
2
Q Inductor  I Inductor X L
Capacitors only generate reactive power
2 1
QCapacitor  I Capacitor X C XC 
C
2
VCapacitor
QCapacitor  (Note-some define X C negative)
XC
Example

Find V and S at
the source

400000 V
I  4000 Amps
1000 
V  400000  (5  j 40) 4000
 42000  j16000 44.920.8 kV
S  V I * 44.9k20.8 4000
 17.9820.8 MVA 16.8  j 6.4 MVA
Example, cont’d

Now add additional

reactive power load
and resolve

Z Load  70.7 pf 0.7 lagging

I  564  45 Amps
V  59.713.6 kV
S  33.758.6 MVA 17.6  j 28.8 MVA
Power System Notation

Power system components are usually shown as

“one-line diagrams.” Previous circuit redrawn
17.6 MW 16.0 MW
28.8 MVR -16.0 MVR

59.7 kV 40.0 kV

17.6 MW 16.0 MW
28.8 MVR
16.0 MVR

Arrows are
Generators are Transmission lines
are shown as a single used to
shown as circles
line show loads
Reactive Compensation

Key idea of reactive compensation is to supply reactive

power locally. In the previous example this can
be done by adding a 16 Mvar capacitor at the load
16.8 MW 16.0 MW
6.4 MVR 0.0 MVR

44.94 kV 40.0 kV

16.8 MW 16.0 MW
6.4 MVR 16.0 MVR
16.0 MVR

Compensated circuit is identical to first example with

just real power load
Reactive Compensation, cont’d

 Reactive
compensation decreased the line flow from
564 Amps to 400 Amps. This has advantages
– Lines losses, which are equal to I2 R decrease
– Lower current allows utility to use small wires, or
alternatively, supply more load over the same wires
– Voltage drop on the line is less
 Reactive compensation is used extensively by
utilities
 Capacitors can be used to “correct” a load’s power
factor to an arbitrary value.
Power Factor Correction Example

Assume we have 100 kVA load with pf=0.8 lagging,

and would like to correct the pf to 0.95 lagging
S  80  j 60 kVA   cos  1 0.8  36.9
Use Power Triangle
PF of 0.95 requires desired  cos  1 0.95  18.2
Snew 80  j (60  Qcap )
60 - Qcap
tan18.2  60  Qcap 26.3 kvar
80
Qcap 33.7 kvar
Distribution System Capacitors
Balanced 3 Phase () Systems

 A balanced 3 phase () system has

– three voltage sources with equal magnitude, but with an
angle shift of 120
– equal loads on each phase
– equal impedance on the lines connecting the generators to
the loads
 Bulk power systems are almost exclusively 3
 Single phase is used primarily only in low voltage,
low power settings, such as residential and some
commercial
Balanced 3 -- No Neutral Current

I n  I a  Ib  I c
V
I n  (10  1    1  
Z
* * * *
S  Van I an  Vbn I bn  Vcn I cn  3 Van I an
Advantages of 3 Power

 Can transmit more power for same amount of wire

(twice as much as single phase)
 Torque produced by 3 machines is constant
 Three phase machines use less material for same
power rating
 Three phase machines start more easily than single
phase machines
Three Phase - Wye Connection

 There are two ways to connect 3 systems

– Wye (Y)
– Delta ()

Wye Connection Voltages

Van  V  
Vbn  V    
Vcn  V   
Wye Connection Line Voltages

Vcn Vab
Vca
-Vbn
Van
Vbn
(α = 0 in this case)
Vbc
Vab Van  Vbn V (1  1  120 
 3 V   30
Line to line
Vbc  3 V   90 voltages are
Vca  3 V   150 also balanced
Wye Connection, cont’d

 Define voltage/current across/through device to be

phase voltage/current
 Define voltage/current across/through lines to be
line voltage/current
j
VLine  3 VPhase 130  3 VPhase e 6

I Line I Phase
*
S3 3 VPhase I Phase
Delta Connection
For the Delta
phase voltages equal
line voltages

For currents
Ica Ic Ia  I ab  I ca
 3 I ab   
Ib Iab I b  I bc  I ab
Ibc
Ic  I ca  I bc
Ia *
S3  3 VPhase I Phase
Three Phase Example

Assume a -connected load is supplied from a 3

13.8 kV (L-L) source with Z = 10020
Vab 13.80 kV
Vbc 13.8  0 kV
Vca 13.80 kV

13.80 kV
I ab  138  20 amps
 
I bc 138  140 amps I ca 1380 amps
Three Phase Example, cont’d

I a I ab  I ca 138  20  1380

 239  50 amps
I b  239  170 amps I c 2390 amps

*
S  3 Vab I ab 3 13.80 kV 138 amps
 5.7 MVA
 5.37  j1.95 MVA
pf  cos 20  lagging
Delta-Wye Transformation

To simplify analysis of balanced 3 systems:

1) Δ-connected loads can be replaced by
1
Y-connected loads with ZY  Z 
3
2) Δ-connected sources can be replaced by
VLine
Y-connected sources with Vphase 
330
Delta-Wye Transformation Proof

From the  side we get

Vab Vca Vab  Vca
Ia   
Z Z Z
Vab  Vca
Hence Z 
Ia
Delta-Wye Transformation, cont’d

From the Y side we get

Vab  ZY ( I a  I b ) Vca  ZY ( I c  I a )
Vab  Vca  ZY (2 I a  I b  I c )
Since Ia  I b  I c 0  I a  Ib  I c
Hence Vab  Vca  3 ZY I a
Vab  Vca
3 ZY   Z
Ia
1
Therefore ZY  Z
3
Three Phase Transmission Line