C Programming

Data types and variables

(chapter 2)

Dept. of AI-Software, Gachon

Univ.
Hyungchul Lee
 In this
lecture
 Variables, data
types
Quiz
1-1
 Recall the
simple C
Program
#include
void main<stdio.h> Data
() types
{ int num1, num2, Variabl
num3; es
printf (“\n Please type an integer: \
n”);
scanf (“%d”, /* read an integer */
printf (“\n Please type another integer: \
&num1);
n”); scanf (“%d”, &num2);

num3 = num1 + num2;

Assignment
printf (“result = %d”, num3);
 Variables, Data
Types,
Assignment
 num1, num2,
num3
 variables
 int, float
 data types
 iresult = iresult +
747;
 assignment
Variable
s
 Variabl
es
 A Variable Is a Symbolic Name
for a Computer Memory
Location That Holds Some Data.
 Variables naming
rules
 Variable Name
 starts with an English letter or _
 followed by English letters, digits, or _
 upper case letter and lower case letter for
the same letter are different.
 must Not be a C reserved word
 break, case, char, const, continue, do,
double, else, float, for, if, int, return,
switch, while,…
 should not be longer than 20
characters
 should be mnemonic( 기억을 돕는 )
 Exampl
es
 Good
 firstNum,
secondNum,…
 _first_num,..
 Sum100,
 Bad
 John, good, bad,…
 IhateBillGates,..
 Wrong
 $firstNum,
5numbers,…
 Variable
Declarations
 int i;
 int j;
 int k;
 float
F;
 float
C;
 float
F2C;

 Variable
Declarations
 int i, j, k;
 float F, C, F2C,
C2F;
 Memory
Allocation
memory

&%$ #!+ *^)!

i j FC
Variable
Declarations
 Variabl
es
 A Data Type Must Be Specified
for Each Variable.
 All Variables and Their Data Types
Should Be Declared Together At the
Start of a Program.
 Initialization is important.
 int numOne = 15;
 C
Constant
 Values That Never Change
s Allocated, and Value Stored.
 Memory Automatically
 Number (different from algebra)
 integer: 345, 21, -12, 0, …
 real (floating-point number)
 3.14, 6.0, 0.0, -12.0
 3.14f, 6.0f, 0.0f, - Either
12.0f OK
 Characters
 ‘a’, ‘b’,…, ‘2’, ‘&’,…
Refer to ASCII
code
 Character Strings
 “hello”, “number”,
…
Data
type
 Data Types
(1)
 Integer ( 정
수)
Data type Memory
size
Ranges Conversion
character
short signed 2 byte* -32,768 ~ 32,767 %hd
unsigned 0 ~ 65,535 %hu
int signed 4 byte(2byte) -2,147,483,648 ~ %d
2,147,483,647
unsigned 0 ~ 4,294,967,295 %u
long signed 4 byte -2,147,483,648 ~ %ld
2,147,483,647
unsigned 0 ~ 4,294,967,295 %lu
char signed 1 byte -128~+127 %c
• Memory size is different depending on0compiler,
unsigned ~ 255
CPU etc. long long  8
• 32 bit CPU, visual C++ compiler case byte
 printf
function
 Printf : print formatted
 Specifies a method for rendering an
arbitrary number of varied data type
parameters into a string
 provides a description of the output
 marked by % escape characters
 specify both the relative location and
the type of output
printf
function
 Example of
%i development
‣ Disable SDL(Securitye
Lifecycle)

Compile error!! (in Visual Studio Community

2022)

• 마이크로소프트에서는 scanf( ) 함수 대신 보안이 강화된 scanf_s( ) 함수의 사용을 적극 권장

• scanf( ) 는 overflow 시 넘어가는 메모리 영역에 write 하여 다른 영역을 침범
• scanf( ) 와 scanf_s( ) 함수의 기능은 동일

• scanf 경고 메시지를 없애기

솔루션탐색기 → 사용자 프로젝트 → 오른쪽마우스 클릭 : 속 성 → C / C + + →
일반 : SDL 검사 : 아니요
 Data Types
(1)
 Singed ( 부호있는 )vs unsigned ( 부호없는 )
 Most significant bit (MSB, high-order
bit) = sign bit
 "1" meaning negative -
 "0" meaning positive +
sign bit
MSB LSB
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Data Types
(1)
 unsigned ( 부호없는 )
expressions
 Representation of minus with
digits
MSB LSB
sign
1 bit0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Data Types
(1)
 Signed( 부호있는 ) expression
 How to express -10?
 Assume that integer type
variable num
 Data Types
(1)
 For example 4 bit
representation
 6(10) = 0110(2) 011 011
 -6(10)  6 + (-6) = 0 101
+0
+? 0
0 000 000
 -6(10)  1010(2) = - 0 0
6(10)
 Data Types
(1)
 1’s complement
 Values to make all
 digits
Ex) 110to +
1 001
= 111 6(10) = 0110(2)
 2’s complement
-6?
 1’s complement 1’s complement 
+1 1001(2)
 Ex) 110 + 010 2’s complement 
1010(2) 1010(2) = -
= 1000 6(10)
0110(2)
+ 1010(2)
 Quiz
2-1
 1) What is the decimal number of
the binary number? (assume
unsigned
1 0 representation)
0 1 0 1 0 1
1280 0 16 0 4 0
1
128+16+4+1 =149
 Quiz
2-2
2) Printf(“%d”,a
char
char a=202;
Printf(“%d”,a
a=128;
)? )?
 Quiz
2-2
2) Printf(“%d”,a
char
char a=202;
Printf(“%d”,a
a=128;
)? 8 7 6 5 4 )?
3 2 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -128
Signe 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 127
d
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 127
128 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127+1 → -
? 128
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
202 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127
127+1 → -
? 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 128
1100 1010 (-202) 202 -127 =
75
0011 0101 (1 의보수 ) -128 + 74 = -
0011 0110 (2 의보수 : 54
54)
 Quiz
2-3
 What are printed?
char a = -10;
unsigned char b = a;
printf(" d d", a,
 10b);
= 0000 1010
 -10?
 1’s complement of 10 → 1111
0101
 2’s complement of 10 → 1111
0110 →
27+26+25+24+22+21 =
 Data Types
(2)
 Floating-Point
 What is floating point?
 Formulaic representation that
approximates a real number so as to
support a trade-off between range and
precision
 A number's radix point (decimal point or
binary point) can "float“, it means that It
can be placed anywhere relative16 tobit
the 16 bit
significant digits of the number. (2 byte) (2 byte)
 Why do we need this? 123 456
 Limitation of fixed point expression
 Ex) 123.456 with 32 bit (4 byte) limit
Fixed point
 Data Types
(2)
 Floating-Point (float :
sig
n 32bit)
1 8 bit
exponent
23 bit mantissa

n = s x 1.m x 2(e -127)

Floating point (IEEE
standard)
Data Memor Exampl Ranges Precisio Conversio
type y e n n
size character
float 4 byte 9.234f 1.4e-38~ 3.4e+38 6 %f
double 8 byte 9.234 -4.9e- 15 %lf
324~1.7e+308
long 8 byte 9.234l -4.9e- 18 %Lf
doubl 324~1.7e+308
e
 Data Types
(2)
 Example
 Expression with floating point of
10.25 10.25(10) ➔
 Convert to1010.01 ➔ 1010.01(2)
binary digits:
1.01001 x 23
 Shift point:
0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 1 0 0 1
3+127=1 1.m 에서 소수점 아랫부분 작성
30
1000001
0
 Data Types
(2)
 Common
questions
n = s x 1.m x 2(e -127)
 1.m?
 move to 1.0 form instead of moving to 0.1
 To prevent 1 unnecessary movement of
decimal point.
 e-127?
 To express fractional values
 Data Types
(2)
 To convert a decimal  0.35(10)XX (2)?
value to binary  0.35 x 2 = 0.70 ->
 Multiply the value by
0
2  not greater than 1
 Specify 0 if the  0.70 x 2 = 1.40
result is not -> 1
greater than 1  Greater than 1
 Specify 1 if the
 1.40 - 1 = 0.40
result is greater
: Subtract 1
than 1
 if the result is greater  0.40 x 2 = 0.80
than 1, Subtract 1 -> 0
from the result  not greater than 1
 Repeat this process  0.80 x 2 = 1.60
until the result is 1
-> 1
 Grater than 1
 1.60 - 1 = 0.60
 Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra C
999 + 777 999 +
777
765 – 563
765 -
3.14 x 89
563
89.75 ÷13.7
3.14 *
89
89.75 /
13.7
56 %
10
 Data Types &
Algebraic
Expressions
 Different Operations for
Different Data Types.
 integer: +, -, *, /, %
 float: +, -, *, /
 Data Types &
Algebraic
 +, -, * Expressions
 If both operands are integers, the
result is an integer
 If one operand is a float, the result is
a double.
/
 If both operands are integers, the
result is an integer
 15 / 2 -> 7 (fractional part is always
dropped)
%
 Result is the remainder.
 valid only for integer values
 Definition
statement of
variables
Inform to the computer to reserve 4byte
memory

int 4
Ta
number; g bytes

Inform to the computer about the name of

variable
First byte is used to tag “number” variables
 Definition
statement of
int variables
num1;
int
num2;
int
num3;

num1=1
0; Memor
num2=2
Variable y
name num num num
0; 1
10 2
20 3
50
Mem num3=5 165 254 300
address 2 8 0
0;
Assignme
nt
 Assignme
 X = Y;
nt
 computes expression
Y
 stores the result in X
 Example
 int principal;
 float rate;
 float interest;
 principal = 1000;
 rate = .035;
 interest = principal *
rate;
 Memor
y
memory

1000 #!+ 0.035 35.0

principal rate interest

 Assignme
 X = Y;
nt
 X: Variable
 Data type is specified by the programmer.
 Value may be given at declaration.
 Value may be computed.
 Y: Expression
 constant
 variable
 algebra expression
 comparison expression
 Data type is computed.
 The Data Types of X and Y May Not Be
the Same.
 Initialization of
Variables
(1/2)
floa avg, total;
t num_student
int s;
total =
40120;
avg total / num_students;
= /* num_students not initialized
*/
 Memor
y

&%$ 40120 *^)!

avg total num_students

 Initialization of
Variables
(2/2)
floa avg, total;
t num_students =
int 50;
total =
40120;
avg total / num_students;
= /* num_students initialized
*/
 Memor
y

802.4 40120 50

avg total num_students

 Data Type
Conversion
 Implicit( 암시적 ) Conversion
 Explicit( 명시적 ) Conversion
(Cast)
 Implicit Data
Type
Conversion
 On Assignment
 data type of the expression on the right
of = is automatically converted to the
data type of the variable on the left of
=
 Safe Conversion
 int to float
 Unsafe Conversion
 float to int
 Implicit
Conversion
floa avg, total;
t num_students,
int num_trunc;
total = 40120;
num_students = 50;
num_trunc =total /
num_students;
 Explicit
Conversion
floa avg, total;
t num_students,
int num_trunc;
total = 40120;
num_students = 50;
num_trunc =(int)total /
num_students;
Writing a
program
 Writing a C
Program
 Determine Data to Store
 determine types of the data
 Declare Variables and Types of
the Data
 Write Program Using the
Variables
 Exercis
e1
 Compute the Volume of a
Swimming Pool

 Step 1: Variable Declaration

 Step 2: Compute
 Step 3: Print the Volume.
 Exercis
e1
 Compute the Volume of a
Swimming Pool

 Step 1: Variable Declaration

 What data are needed?
 What are the data types?
 Name the variables.
 Step 2: Compute
 Compute the volume
 Store the volume.
 Step 3: Print the Volume.
 Solutio
#include n
<stdio.h> void
main ( )
{
float length,
width, height,
volume;

printf (“\n Please type the length: \n”);

scanf (“%f”, &length);
printf (“\n Please type the width: \n”);
scanf (“%f”, &width);
printf (“\n Please type the height: \n”);
scanf (“%f”, &height);

volume = length * width *

 Exercis
e2
 Compute the Volume of a Circular
Cylinder

 Step 1: Variable Declaration

 Step 2: Compute
 Step 3: Print the Volume.
 Exercis
e2
 Compute the Volume of a Circular
Cylinder

 Step 1: Variable Declaration

 What data are needed?
 What are the data types?
 Name the variables.
 Step 2: Compute
 Compute the volume
 Store the volume.
 Step 3: Print the Volume.
 Solutio
#include n
<stdio.h> void
main ( )
{
float radius,
height, volume;

printf (“\n Please type the radius: \n”);

scanf (“%f”, &radius);
printf (“\n Please type the height: \n”);
scanf (“%f”, &height);

volume = 3.14 * radius * radius *

height; printf (“volume = %f”,
volume);
Expressio
ns
 Expressio
ns
 Algebraic
Expression
 Comparison
Expression
 Comparison
Expressions
 Math
C
 34 > 21 34 > 21
 iresult < iresult < 897
897 iresult ==
 iresult = 200
200 iresult != 75
 iresult ≠ 75 number <=
 number ≤ 54.9
54.9 number >=
 Result of a
Comparison
 either True orExpression
False.
 True ( not 0)
 False ( 0 )


xx == y >=
> y (x
 x < y y)
 x != (x <=
y y)
 Boolean
Operators
 AND (&&), OR (||), NOT (!)
 Each operand is an expression that
evaluates to
“True” or “False”
 AND
 “True” if and only if both operands evaluate
to “True”
 OR
 “True” if any one operand evaluates to
“True”
 NOT
 Exampl
es
 (age == 22) && (GPA
< 3.5)
 (GPA > 4.2) || (age <
19)
 !(GPA > 4.2)
A: age = 22, GPA =
2.5
?
B: age = 25, GPA =
4.3
?
 Exerci
#include se
<stdio.h> void
main ( )
{

/* read three integers N1 and N2, N3

and if first number is the biggest
number, print “num1 is the
biggest”
if not, print “num1 is not the biggest
number.”
*/

}
 Solutio
#include n
<stdio.h> void
main ( )
{
int num1,
num2, num3;

printf (“\n Please type a number: \n”);

scanf (“%d”, &num1);
printf (“\n Please type a number: \n”);
scanf (“%d”, &num2);
printf (“\n Please type a number: \n”);
scanf (“%d”, &num3);

if ((num1 > num2) && (num1 >

num3))
printf (“num1 is the
biggest”); else
 Exerci
#include se
<stdio.h> void
main ( )
{

/* read two
integers N1 and
N2, and
if one number is two times the other
number, for example, N1=10 and
N2=20,
print the sum of the two numbers
else print “condition not satisfied” */

}
 Solutio
#include n
<stdio.h> void
main ( )
{
int num1,
num2;

printf (“\n Please type a number: \n”);

scanf (“%d”, &num1);
printf (“\n Please type a number: \n”);
scanf (“%d”, &num2);

if ((num1 == 2*num2) || (num2

== 2*num1))
printf (“result = %d”,
num1+num2); else
printf (“condition not
satisfied”);
 N1 <= N3
#include <= N2
<stdio.h> void
main ( )
{
int N1, N3, N3;
wrong */
if (N1 <= N3
<= N2) <= N3) && (N2 >=
if ((N1 /* correct */
N3))
} /*
 Precedence Order( 우선순
위)
 1: ! (NOT),
 unary
2: *, –% (algebraic operators)
 3: /, (algebraic operators)
+,
–
 4: <, <=, >, >= (comparison
operators)
 5: ==,!= (comparison
operators)
 6: && (Boolean AND)
 Associativity
Order
 Right to Left
 !, unary –
 Left to Right
 everything
else
 Example C
#include Program
<stdio.h> void
main ( )
{
int num1,
num2, num3;

printf (“\n Please type a number: \n”);

scanf (“%d”, &num1);
printf (“\n Please type a number: \n”);
scanf (“%d”, &num2);
printf (“\n Please type a number: \n”);
scanf (“%d”, &num3);

if (num3 + 3 <= -num2 + 3 *

num1)
printf (“compute result = TRUE”);
else
 Example C
#include Program
<stdio.h> void
main ( )
{
int num1,
num2, num3;

printf (“\n Please type a number: \n”);

scanf (“%d”, &num1);
printf (“\n Please type a number: \n”);
scanf (“%d”, &num2);
printf (“\n Please type a number: \n”);
scanf (“%d”, &num3);

if (num3 + 3 <= (-num2 + 3) *

num1)
printf (“compute result = TRUE”);
else
 Assignme
nt
 Read chapter
3.1~3.9
Questio
n?