BASICS OF ELECTRONICS &

INTRODUCTION ABOUT ARDUINO

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CONTENT

• Voltage & Current

• Resistor
• LEDs
• Arduino
• Breadboard
• Motor
• IR Sensor
• Arduino UNO
• Arduino Programming Basics
• Q&A

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WHAT IS ROBOT ?

A robot is a mechanical device that can perform tasks automatically. It may – but
need not – be humanoid in appearance. Some robots require some degree of
guidance, which may be done using a remote control, or with a computer interface.
A robot is usually an electro-mechanical machine that is guided by a program or
circuitry.

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 WHAT IS ROBOTICS ?

The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction,

operation, and application of robots.

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 VOLTAGE & CURRENT

Voltage and Current are vital to understanding electronics, but they are quite hard to grasp because we can't
see them directly.

Voltage is the Cause, Current is the Effect

Voltage and Current Voltage but No Current No Voltage and No Current

The switch is closed making The switch is open so the Without the cell there is no
a complete circuit so current circuit is broken and current source of voltage so current
can flow. cannot flow. cannot flow

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 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator
lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.

Electronic Symbol

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 SENSORS

• Definition: Sensor is an input device which provides an output (signal) with

respect to a specific physical quantity (input).
• The term “input device” in the definition of a Sensor means that it is part of
a bigger system which provides input to a main control system (like a
Processor or a Microcontroller).
• We live in a World of Sensors. You can find different types of Sensors in our
homes, offices, cars etc. working to make our lives easier by turning on the
lights by detecting our presence, adjusting the room temperature, detect
smoke or fire, make us delicious coffee, open garage doors as soon as our car
is near the door and many other tasks.

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 RESISTORS

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements

electrical resistance as a circuit element.
The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across
the resistor's terminals. According to Ohm’s Law

• I  current through the conductor in units of Amperes (A)

• V Voltage measured across the conductor in units of Volts(V)
• R resistance of the conductor in units of Ohms (Ω).

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 RESISTORS COLORS

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 IR SENSOR

• IR Sensor is a detector which reacts to a infrared radiations.

IR Sensor Pair:
• Transmitter = LED (Light Emitting Diode)
It is similar to normal LEDs but emit infra-red light its glow can be seen with a digital camera
or mobile phone camera.

• Receiver = Photodiode/IR Transistor. A photodiode is a diode that conducts only when light
falls on it.

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 IR SENSOR WORKING

• Working  Object /
IR sensor Pair
Line

Transmitter (Tx)

Receiver (Rx)

Transmitter = LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Receiver = Photodiode
12

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 MOTORS

An electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

There are two types of motor:

• AC Motors (Run on AC Electric Power).
• DC Motors (Run on DC Electric Power).

DC
AC Motor Motor

13
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 MOTOR DRIVER (H-BRIDGE) L293D

• Motor driver circuit (L293D) is used to drive the motor in Forward or Reverse
Direction.
M1a M1b Motor State
0 0 Stop
1 0 Forward
0 1 Reverse
1 1 Stop

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 BREADBOARD

A breadboard (or protoboard) is usually a construction base for prototyping of electronics.

The term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to a solderless breadboard (plugboard).

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 INTERNAL DIAGRAM OF BREADBOARD

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 ARDUINO

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on

flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists,
designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive
objects or environments.

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 ARDUINO PROGRAMMING BASICS

digitalWrite()

BIG 6 CONCEPTS
analogWrite()

digitalRead()

if() statements / Boolean

analogRead()

Serial communication

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 ARDUINO CONNECTION WITH COMPUTER

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CONCEPTS: INPUT VS. OUTPUT

Referenced from the perspective of the microcontroller (electrical board).

Inputs is a signal / information Output is any signal exiting the

going into the board. board.

Almost all systems that use physical computing will have some form of output

What are some examples of Outputs?

Examples: Buttons Switches, Light Examples: LEDs, DC motor, servo

Sensors, Flex Sensors, Humidity motor, a piezo buzzer, relay, an RGB
Sensors, Temperature Sensors… LED

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 CONCEPTS: ANALOG VS. DIGITAL
•Microcontrollers are digital devices – ON or OFF. Also
called – discrete.

•analog signals are anything that can be a full range of

values. What are some examples? More on this later…

5V 5V

0V 0V

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 ARDUINO
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (IDE)

Two required functions /

methods / routines:

void setup()
{
// runs once
}

void loop()
{
error & status messages // repeats
}
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 SETTINGS: TOOLS  SERIAL PORT

•Your computer communicates

to the Arduino microcontroller
via a serial port  through a
USB-Serial adapter.

•Check to make sure that the

drivers are properly installed.

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 SETTINGS: TOOLS  BOARD

•Next, double-check that the proper board is selected under the

ToolsBoard menu.
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 THANK YOU

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