Inorganic Materials
Ms. Kinza Javed Iqbal
Lecturer
National Institute of Food Science and Technology
Introduction
Inorganic materials are substances that do not contain carbon-
hydrogen (C-H) bonds and are not derived from living
organisms
These materials can be composed of elements other than
carbon, such as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals
Inorganic materials have a wide range of applications in various
industries due to their diverse physical and chemical properties
Examples include ammonia, hydrogen sulfides, all metals, and
most elements (such as calcium)
Inorganic materials has two functions in the body (building and
regulating)
Introduction
They are present in various body fluids (blood and urine) and various
enzyme systems and are found as salts in body fluids (Na, K and Cl)
These materials are essential component of certain hormones (iodine
in thyroxine of thyroid gland)
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic substances with a specific
chemical composition and a crystalline structure
They are the building blocks of rocks and are found in the Earth's
crust
Minerals are essential nutrients that play various critical roles in the
body, including bone formation, fluid balance, nerve transmission, and
enzyme function
Classification of Minerals
Minerals generally categorized into three groups based on the
amount the body requires: Macrominerals, microminerals (also
known as trace minerals), and ultra trace minerals
1. Macrominerals:
1. Calcium: Essential for bone and teeth formation, blood clotting,
and muscle function
2. Phosphorus: Important for bone and teeth formation, energy
metabolism, and acid-base balance
3. Magnesium: Involved in muscle and nerve function, blood
glucose control, and bone health
4. Sodium: Critical for fluid balance, nerve transmission, and
muscle contraction
5. Potassium: Important for fluid balance, nerve transmission, and
muscle contraction
6. Chloride: Helps maintain fluid balance and is a component of
stomach acid
2. Microminerals (Trace Minerals):
1. Iron: Essential for oxygen transport in the blood (as part of
hemoglobin) and energy metabolism
2. Zinc: Involved in immune function, wound healing, and DNA
synthesis
3. Copper: Important for the formation of red blood cells, collagen
synthesis, and iron absorption
4. Manganese: Plays a role in bone formation, blood clotting, and
reducing oxidative stress
5. Iodine: Essential for thyroid hormone synthesis, which regulates
metabolism
6. Selenium: Acts as an antioxidant, supporting the immune system
and thyroid function
7. Fluoride: Promotes dental health by preventing tooth decay
8. Molybdenum: Involved in the metabolism of certain amino acids
and the detoxification of drugs
3. Ultra trace Minerals:
These are required in much smaller amounts, and their functions
are not as well understood
Examples include chromium, cobalt, and nickel. The body needs
them in trace amounts, and they are typically obtained through a
well-balanced diet
Calcium
Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various
physiological functions within the human body
The body of an average adult contains 1250g calcium
It is the most abundant mineral in the body, with about 99% of the
body's calcium stored in the bones and teeth
The remaining 1% circulates in the blood and is involved in critical
functions such as muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood clotting,
and cellular signaling
Functions:
Calcium is a primary component of bones and teeth, providing strength
and structure
Calcium is involved in the blood clotting process. It plays a key role in
the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms the structure of blood
clots. This is essential for preventing excessive bleeding when there is an
injury
Calcium ions play a vital role in the contraction of muscles. When
a nerve signal stimulates a muscle, calcium is released from
storage sites in muscle cells, allowing the muscle fibers to
contract. This process is essential for movements, from simple
gestures to complex athletic activities
Calcium acts as a signaling molecule in various cellular processes.
It helps regulate numerous cellular functions, including enzyme
activity, hormone secretion, and cell division
Calcium is crucial for the transmission of nerve impulses. When a
nerve signal reaches the end of a nerve cell, calcium ions enter the
cell, facilitating the release of neurotransmitters. These
neurotransmitters then transmit signals to the next nerve cell or
muscle fiber
Calcium is involved in the secretion of several hormones, including
insulin
Proper calcium levels are necessary for the release of insulin, which
regulates blood sugar levels
Calcium plays a role in maintaining the acid-base balance in the body,
helping to regulate pH levels
Sources of Calcium:
• Dairy products, like milk, yogurt, and cheese are rich in calcium and also
tend to be the best-absorbed sources
• Calcium-fortified foods, cereals are often fortified with calcium
• Figs
• Soybeans
• Leafy green vegetables (broccoli, kale)
• Nuts and seeds (almonds, chia seeds)
Deficiency
• Deficiency of calcium leads to retarded growth and rickets in
children. Rickets is a rare but serious condition that primarily
affects children and is characterized by the softening and
weakening of bones
• In adults it causes osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by
reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to
increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures.
• Osteoporosis involves a decrease in bone density, making the
bones more porous and prone to fractures. The condition is often
age-related and more prevalent in postmenopausal women due to
the decline in estrogen levels, which plays a role in maintaining
bone density
Chlorine
• It is used in production of HCL in stomach that aids in digestion
• It activates enzymes in saliva
• Also plays role in maintenance of acid-base balance of body
fluids with sodium
• It is an electrolyte, which means it carries an electric charge and
helps regulate fluid balance, acid-base balance, and electrical
neutrality in and out of cells
Iodine
The body of an average adult contain 12-50g iodine which is
mainly present in thyroid gland
Iodine is needed to make the thyroid hormones thyroxine and
triiodothyronine, which assist with the creation of proteins and
enzyme activity, as well as regulating normal metabolism
The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3), hormones that are vital for the regulation of
metabolism
Dietary Sources:
• Dairy products
• Fish
• Eggs
• Iodized salt
Deficiency
Iodine deficiency can lead to a condition known as goiter, which is
the enlargement of the thyroid gland. In severe cases, it can cause
hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by low levels of thyroid
hormones. Common signs and symptoms of iodine deficiency
include:
1. Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland, visible as swelling in
the neck
2. Hypothyroidism: This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue,
weight gain, cold intolerance
3. Cretinism (in severe cases): If iodine deficiency occurs during
pregnancy, it can lead to developmental issues in the baby,
including intellectual disabilities and growth retardation
Iron
Iron is an important mineral that helps maintain healthy blood
Iron is intrinsic constituent of protein hemoglobin , a type of
protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to
all parts of the body
Without enough iron, there aren’t enough red blood cells to
transport oxygen, which leads to fatigue
It is also part of myoglobin, a protein that carries and stores
oxygen specifically in muscle tissues
It is important for healthy brain development and growth in
children, and for the normal production and function of various
cells and hormones
Dietary Sources
Iron is present in both animal and plant foods, but it is generally
more easily absorbed from animal sources. There are two forms
of dietary iron:
1. Heme Iron (Animal Sources):
• Found in animal products such as red meat, poultry, and fish.
• Heme iron is more efficiently absorbed by the body
compared to non-heme iron
2. Non-Heme Iron (Plant Sources):
• Found in plant-based foods such as beans, lentils, tofu,
fortified cereals, and some vegetables.
• Non-heme iron is not as easily absorbed by the body, but its
absorption can be enhanced by consuming vitamin C-rich
foods (e.g., citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers) in the
same meal
Deficiency
It is the leading cause of ill health in many parts of the world
including Pakistan
Iron deficiency is a common nutritional deficiency worldwide and can
lead to a condition called iron deficiency anemia. Some common
signs and symptoms of iron deficiency include:
1. Fatigue and Weakness: Due to decreased oxygen transport to tissues.
2. Pale Skin and Mucous Membranes: Resulting from reduced
hemoglobin levels.
3. Shortness of Breath: Especially during physical activity.
4. Headache and Dizziness: Due to inadequate oxygen delivery to the
brain.
5. Brittle Nails and Hair Loss: Can be associated with iron deficiency.
Iron deficiency anemia is a serious condition that requires medical
attention. It can be caused by inadequate dietary intake, poor iron
absorption, increased iron requirements (e.g., during pregnancy), or
chronic blood loss
Magnesium
Magnesium is important for many processes in the body,
including regulating muscle and nerve function, blood sugar
levels, and blood pressure and making protein, bone, and DNA
It is a cofactor for various enzymes involved in energy
metabolism. It plays a role in the conversion of food into energy
(ATP) in cells
It is important for maintaining a normal heart rhythm and
supporting cardiovascular health. It helps regulate blood pressure
and may have a protective effect against heart disease
Dietary Sources
1. Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, sunflower seeds, and pumpkin seeds are
rich in magnesium
2. Leafy Green Vegetables: Spinach, kale, and Swiss chard are good
sources
3. Whole Grains: Whole wheat, brown rice, and oats contain
magnesium
4. Legumes: Beans, lentils, and chickpeas are magnesium-rich.
5. Fish: Some types of fish, such as salmon, provide magnesium
6. Dairy Products: Milk, yogurt, and cheese contain magnesium
7. Bananas: This fruit is a moderate source of magnesium
Deficiency
Common signs and symptoms of magnesium deficiency may
include:
1. Muscle Cramps and Spasms: Magnesium is involved in muscle
function, and deficiency may lead to cramps
2. Fatigue and Weakness: Magnesium is essential for energy
production, and low levels may contribute to fatigue
3. Nausea and Vomiting: Gastrointestinal symptoms may occur
4. Abnormal Heart Rhythms: Magnesium deficiency can affect
the heart's electrical conduction
5. Loss of Appetite: Reduced magnesium levels may impact
appetite
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is an essential mineral that plays several crucial roles in the
body. It is the second most abundant mineral in the body, with the
majority found in bones and teeth. Key functions of phosphorus include:
1. Bone and Teeth Formation: Phosphorus, along with calcium, is a major
component of hydroxyapatite, the mineral complex that gives strength
and structure to bones and teeth
2. Energy Metabolism: Phosphorus is a component of ATP (adenosine
triphosphate), the primary energy currency of the cell. It is involved in the
transfer and storage of energy during metabolic processes
3. DNA and RNA Structure: Phosphorus is a fundamental component of
nucleic acids, including DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid). These are essential for genetic information and protein
synthesis
4. pH Regulation: Phosphorus is involved in maintaining acid-base balance
in the body. Phosphate ions act as buffers in blood and other bodily fluids,
helping to regulate pH levels
Dietary Sources
1. Dairy Products: Milk, cheese, and yogurt are rich in phosphorus
2. Meat and Poultry: Beef, chicken, and fish are good sources
3. Eggs: Both the yolk and the white contain phosphorus
4. Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, peanuts, and sunflower seeds provide
phosphorus
5. Whole Grains: Foods like whole wheat, brown rice, and oats
contain phosphorus
6. Legumes: Beans and lentils are sources of phosphorus
7. Seafood: Fish, especially salmon and tuna, are rich in phosphorus
Potassium
Potassium is a vital mineral and electrolyte that plays a crucial role
in various physiological processes within the human body. Some
key functions of potassium include:
1. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Potassium is an electrolyte that
works in conjunction with sodium to maintain the balance of fluids
inside and outside cells
2. Muscle Contraction: Potassium is essential for normal muscle
contraction, including the contraction of the heart muscle (which is
crucial for maintaining a regular heartbeat)
3. Nerve Function: Potassium is involved in nerve impulse
transmission. It helps regulate the electrical activity of the nervous
system, facilitating communication between nerve cells
4. Blood Pressure Regulation: Potassium plays a role in the dilation
of blood vessels, helping to regulate blood pressure
Dietary Sources
Dietary Sources: Potassium is found in a variety of foods, and
maintaining an adequate intake is essential for overall health.
Good dietary sources of potassium include:
1. Fruits: Bananas, oranges, cantaloupe, apricots, and avocados are
rich in potassium
2. Vegetables: Potatoes, sweet potatoes, spinach, broccoli, and
tomatoes are good sources
3. Beans and Legumes: Kidney beans, black beans, lentils, and
peas contain potassium
4. Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, peanuts, and sunflower seeds provide
potassium
5. Dairy Products: Milk and yogurt contain potassium
6. Fish: Certain fish, such as salmon and tuna, are good sources
Deficiency
Potassium deficiency (hypokalemia) is relatively uncommon in
healthy individuals who consume a balanced diet. However, certain
factors can contribute to low potassium levels, including excessive
sweating, certain medications (e.g., diuretics), and medical
conditions.
Symptoms of potassium deficiency may include:
1. Muscle Weakness and Cramps: Due to impaired muscle function
2. Fatigue: Potassium is involved in energy metabolism
3. Irregular Heartbeat: Potassium is crucial for maintaining a regular
heart rhythm
4. Constipation: Potassium helps regulate muscle contractions in the
digestive system
5. Tingling or Numbness: Changes in nerve function may lead to
tingling or numbness
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and atomic number
11. It is a highly reactive alkali metal and is part of the alkali metal
group in the periodic table. Sodium is a crucial element for various
biological processes and is an essential electrolyte in the human body.
1. Role in the Body:
1. Sodium plays a vital role in maintaining fluid balance within cells
and tissues
2. It is a critical electrolyte that helps regulate blood volume, blood
pressure, and pH levels in the body
2. Dietary Sources:
3. Common dietary sources of sodium include table salt (sodium
chloride), processed foods, canned goods, and certain condiments
4. While sodium is essential for health, excessive intake, often
associated with a high-sodium diet, can contribute to health issues
such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and cardiovascular
diseases
3. Excretion:
1. The kidneys play a key role in regulating sodium levels in the
body by adjusting the amount of sodium excreted in urine
2. The balance between sodium intake and excretion is crucial for
maintaining proper fluid balance
4. Nerve and Muscle Function:
3. Sodium ions are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses
and muscle contractions
4. The movement of sodium ions across cell membranes creates
electrical potentials that are fundamental to these physiological
processes
5. Homeostasis:
5. Sodium homeostasis is tightly regulated by the body to ensure a
proper balance of fluids and electrolytes
6. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and other hormonal
mechanisms help control sodium levels
Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia:
1. Abnormalities in sodium levels can lead to health issues.
Hyponatremia refers to low sodium levels, which can cause
symptoms like nausea, headache, and confusion
2. Hypernatremia, or high sodium levels, can result in symptoms
such as excessive thirst, lethargy, and, in severe cases, seizures
Sulphur
Other Inorganic Materials
• Some other inorganic materials are also found in body in trace
quantities that are also essential for normal functioning of body
• Since most elements are present in sufficient quantities in foods, a
normal diet will contain enough for the body needs
• Cobalt is found in liver meat and a constituent of vit B-12
• It is essential in nucleic acid formation
Other Inorganic Materials
Copper is a mineral that is found throughout the body. It helps your
body make red blood cells and keeps nerve cells and your immune
system healthy. It also helps form collagen, a key part of bones and
connective tissue. Copper may also act as an antioxidant, reducing
free radicals that can damage cells and DNA
Chromium is an essential mineral that the body needs in trace
amounts. It is naturally present in a wide variety of foods
Molybdenum is found in beans and peas and it is involved in
nitrogen metabolism
Losses During Processing
