STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
FINALS
Estimation- Regression Analysis
Statistics
vs
Probability
 STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY

To understand chances and to collect,

organize, describe, and analyze
numerical data.
Parameter

vs
Statistics
Parameter vs Statistic

• The numeric value that describes

the characteristic of a population is
called a parameter.
• Any quality obtained from a sample
is called a sample statistics or
simply statistics
Parameter vs Statistic

1. After a nationwide survey the

National Statistics Office (NSO)
reported that the average size of a
Filipino family is six person.

Here, the parameter is 6 persons.

 Parameter vs Statistic
2.Suppose you draw conclusions about
the weights of 10 000 students in your
school by examining only 200 students
selected from the population. After
collecting data, you observe that most
of the 200 students are 17 years old.

. The statistics here is 17 years

old.
Descriptiv
e vs
Inferential
Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
• aims to describe a chunk of
raw data using summary
statistics, graphs, and tables.
• useful because they allow you
to understand a group of data
much more quickly and easily
compared to just staring at
rows and rows of raw data
values.
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Independe
nt vs
Dependen
t Variables
Independent (Controlled Variable)

• The condition that you change in an

experiment. It is the variable you control.

Dependent (Responding Variable)

• The condition that you measure in an
experiment. You are assessing how it responds
to a change in the independent variable.
Examples: IV- Independent Variable
DV- Dependent Variable

1. In a study to determine
whether how long a student
sleeps affects test scores.

IV : the length of time spent sleeping

DV: test score
Examples: IV- Independent Variable
DV- Dependent Variable

2. You want to compare brands of paper

towels, to see which holds the most liquid.

IV : brands of paper towel

DV: amount of liquid
Examples: IV- Independent Variable
DV- Dependent Variable

3. The Effect of Using Bilingual Approach

in the Teaching of Mathematics on
Students’ Achievement.

IV : Bilingual Approach
DV: Students’ Achievement
Check Point!
A numerical measurement
describing some characteristics
of a population.__________

a.parameter c.Variable

b.Statistic
d.constant
A researcher is interested in the
effect of St. Johns Wort on memory. A
group of 25 college students is
selected to participate in a research
study. The average memory score
obtained for the 25 students is a
____________.

a.Sample c.Population
A researcher is interested in the
eating behavior of rats and selects a
group of 25 rats to be tested in a
research study. The group of 25 rats
is a _____________

a.Sample
c.Population
b.Statistic
d.parameter
A researcher is curious about the
average IQ of registered voters in the
state of Florida. If this average could be
obtained, it would be an example of a
________________.

a.Sample c.Population
b.Statistic
d.parameter
 The relationship between a statistic and
a parameter is the same as the
relationship between a.______________

a. sample and a population.

b. a dependent variable and an independent
variable.
c. descriptive statistics and inferential
statistics.
d.an operational definition and a
hypothetical construct
 Statistical methods that use
sample data to answer general
questions about a population are
called __________.

a.Parameters
b.Statistics
c.descriptive statistics
d.inferential statistics
 Statistical techniques that
summarize, organize, and
simplify data are classified as
__________.

a.Parameters
b.Statistics
c.descriptive statistics
A method that enables us to present the data
in a more meaningful way, which allows
simpler interpretation of the data. For
example, if we had the results of 100 pieces
of students' coursework, we may be
interested in the overall performance of
those students._______________.

a.Probability c.Descriptive
Statistics
The average score for an entire
population would be an example
of a __________

a.parameter c.Variable

b.Statistic
d.constant
A method of using samples to
estimate population parameters
is known as_______________.

a.Probability c.Descriptive
Statistics

b.Statistic d.Statistics
a value or range of values that approximate a
parameter.
 Estimation Defined:

•Estimation – A process whereby we

select a random sample from a
population and use a sample statistic
to estimate a population parameter.
• Point
Point and
Estimate – A sample
Interval Estimation statistic
used to estimate the exact value of a
population parameter
• Confidence interval (interval
estimate) – A range of values
defined by the confidence level within
which the population parameter is
estimated to fall.
• Confidence Level – The likelihood,
expressed as a percentage or a
probability, that a specified interval
 Confidence Levels:
• Confidence Level – The likelihood, expressed as a percentage
or a probability, that a specified interval will contain the
population parameter.
• 95% confidence level – there is a .95 probability that a
specified interval DOES contain the population mean. In
other words, there are 5 chances out of 100 (or 1 chance
out of 20) that the interval DOES NOT contain the
population mean.
• 99% confidence level – there is 1 chance out of 100 that
 Constructing a
Confidence Interval (CI)
• The sample mean is the point estimate
of the population mean.
• The sample standard deviation is the
point estimate of the population
standard deviation.
• The standard error of the mean makes it
possible to state the probability that an
interval around the point estimate
contains the actual population mean.
What We are Wanting to Do
The actual
We want to construct an estimate population
of where the population mean parameter
falls based on our sample falls
statistics somewher
e on this
line

This is our Confidence Interval

Confidence Interval Width

More precise,
less confident
More confident,
less precise
 Estimating Population Estimating Population
Mean(μ) when Standard Mean(μ) when Standard
Deviation(σ) is Unknown & n<30 Deviation(σ) is known &
Confidence Interval n ≥ 30
Confidence Interval
- t () < μ < + t () - z () < μ < + z ()

C.I. = t () C.I. = Z ()
Margin of Error = t () Margin of Error = z ()
Confidence Interval Z Values
 Estimation of Parameters
Estimating Population Mean(μ) when
Standard Deviation(σ) is Unknown and n<30

Quarter 3
Statistics and Probability
Formula:
Note: Use when n<30 (Small sample Size) and population
standard deviation is unknown. Therefore, T-distribution table
is use to make an interval estimate.

- t () < μ < + t ()
where: - sample mean
s – sample standard deviation
n – sample size
t - t-value with n-1 degrees of freedom
that leaves an area
C.I. =
t ()
 Margin of Error
Formula:

Margin of Error = t ()
Example 1
Compute margin of error of the
90% confidence level estimate of μ
when s = 5, and n = 16.
Given: s=5 n=16
df=n-1 df=16-1=15

α=10% or 0.1
confidence level is 90%,

t = t = 1.753 base on t-
table

Solution: t () = 1.753 ()
= 1.753 (1.25)
 Example 2
Compute the 95% confidence
interval estimate of μ given the
following s=9, n=12 and = 27.
Given: df = n-1
df = 12 - 1=11

α=5% or 0.05
confidence level is 95%,

t = t = 2.201 base on
t-table
s=9
n = 12
= 27
 Example 2
Solution:
- t () < μ < + t ()
27- 2.201 () < μ < 27+ 2.201 ()
27 – 2.201(2.60) < μ
27+2.201(2.60)
27 – 5.72 < μ < 27 +5.72
21.28 < μ < 32.72 Answer
C.I. =
t ()
The mean and standard deviation of the content of a
sample of 10 similar containers are 10.5 liters and
0.352, respectively.
a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the actual
mean content.
Solution
Step 1. Find the degrees of freedom
df= n-1
=10-1
=9
Step 2. Find the critical value of t using –table
• Given: s = 0.352, n = 10
x = 10.5
α = 5% or
0.05
• df = 9 , CL = 95%

• = 2.262
• The critical value is equal to 2.262
Step 3. Find the margin of error

= 0.25
Substitute to the formula

10.5 - 0.25
 Estimating Population Mean When n
<30 to estimate the pages-
A printer manufacturer wants
per-cartridge print rate of their new printer model. A
random sample of 10 units of the new printer model
showed a mean of 1400 pages- per- cartridge with a
standard deviation of 20. Construct 98 % confidence
interval to estimate the pages- per- cartridge rate of
their new printer model.
Ans. 1,382.16 < µ < 1, 417.84
Identifying the#4
DRILL
t-value
𝑑𝑓 𝛼
𝑡(𝛼 ,𝑑𝑓)
𝛼 = 0.05
n=9
df = n-1
= 9-1

𝑡(0.05 ,8)
=8
 𝑡(𝛼 ,𝑑𝑓) = 1.350
𝑛 = 14,
𝛼 = 0.1
𝑡(𝛼 ,𝑑𝑓) =?
 𝑡(𝛼 ,𝑑𝑓) = 2.228

𝛼 = 0.025
df = 10,

𝑡(𝛼 ,𝑑𝑓)
=?
 t= 2
Find the 𝑡 −value when
𝜇 = 42, 𝑥̅= 44, 𝑠 = 5 and 𝑛 = 25

𝑡=
 𝑛 = 28
𝛼 = 0.025
𝑡(𝛼 ,𝑑𝑓)=

𝑛 =?
2.052
 Estimating Population Mean(μ)
when Standard Deviation(σ) is
Unknown & n<30
Confidence Interval
- t () < μ < + t ()

C.I. = t ()
Margin of Error = t ()
Percentile

• is one of the measurements in statistics which tells

the value below in which an observations’
percentage in a set of observations falls.

For example, you score 70 in an exam, and it was

mentioned that you scored at the 85𝑡ℎ percentile, it
means that 85% of the scores are below you and
15% of the scores are above you.
• In addition, you can use the 𝑡 −distribution
table if you want to find percentiles for a t-
distribution.
• A percentile is a number on a statistical
distribution whose less-than probability is

• for example, the 95𝑡ℎ percentile of the t-

the given percentage;

is that value of whose lefttail (𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 − 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛)

distribution with n – 1 degrees of freedom

probability is 0.95 (𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 −

𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 0.05)
Determine what is asked based on the
given data below.

1.n = 14 Percentile = 95𝑡ℎ 𝑡(𝛼,𝑑𝑓) =

?

2. df = 10 Percentile = 90𝑡ℎ 𝑡(𝛼,𝑑𝑓)

=?
Determine what is asked based on the
given data below.

1.n = 14

95𝑡ℎ
Percentile =

𝑡(𝛼,𝑑𝑓) = ?
 Determine what is asked based on the
given data below.

2. df = 10
Percentile =
90𝑡ℎ 𝑡(𝛼,𝑑𝑓) =?
 Point Estimation

____________________________________deals with
computing for a single value from a random
sample to represent an unknown population
measure.
The computed single value is called a
point estimate. The rule or formula to
compute for the point estimate is called a
point estimator.
A point estimator is said to be the best
estimator if its unbiased and has the
smallest variance among all possible
estimators.
An estimator is unbiased if the mean of its
sampling distribution is equal to the true
value of the parameter; otherwise, it is
Note that the best point

population mean 𝜇 is the

estimator of the

sample mean 𝑥̅
 Interval Estimation
_______________________deals with
constructing an interval of possible
values from a random sample to
estimate an unknown parameter of
interest.
General form :
[lower limit, upper limit]
or
lower limit < parameter of interest <
upper limit
 Estimating Population
Mean(μ) when Standard
Deviation(σ) is known & n ≥ 30
Confidence Interval
- z () < μ < + z ()

C.I. = Z ()
Margin of Error = z ()
Estimation of
Parameters
if n ≥ 30
 Formula of Computing
Confidence Interval
•
 Formula of Computing Confidence Interval

•
Margin of Error
•
 Example 1:
The scores of a random sample of 100 high
school students on a standardized
1.mathematics
What is the test best point
in school estimate
A gave a mean of
of 78 and
the truea standard
averagedeviation
score ofin20.this
standardized mathematics test?
The value of the sample mean 𝑥̅, which is 78, is
the best point estimate of the true average score
of school A in this standardized mathematics test.
Example 1: The scores of a random sample of 100 high
school students on a standardized mathematics test in
school A gave a mean of 78 and a standard deviation of 20.
2. What is the standard error of this
point estimate?
The standard error given by this point

deviation 𝑠 estimating the population

estimate, with the sample standard

𝜎𝑥̅= = = = 𝟐
standard deviation is
Example 1: The scores of a random sample of 100 high
school students on a standardized mathematics test in
school A gave a mean of 78 and a standard deviation of 20.

3. What is the margin of error?

𝒆 = z () = z() = 1.96( ) = 1.96 (2) =𝟑. 𝟗𝟐

Example 1: The scores of a random sample of 100 high
school students on a standardized mathematics test in
school A gave a mean of 78 and a standard deviation of 20.
4. Construct a 95% confidence
interval estimate for the true average
score in mathematics in this
standardized test.
- z () < μ < + z ()
or simply
Example 1: The scores of a random sample of 100 high
school students on a standardized mathematics test in
school A gave a mean of 78 and a standard deviation of 20.

4. Construct a 95% confidence interval

estimate for the true average score in

𝑥̅− 𝑒 < 𝜇 < 𝑥̅+ 𝑒

mathematics in this standardized test.

78- 3.92 < 𝜇 < 78+ 3.92

74.08 < 𝜇 < 81.92
Example 1: The scores of a random sample of 100 high
school students on a standardized mathematics test in
school A gave a mean of 78 and a standard deviation of 20.
5. If the average score in mathematics in this
standardized test is 73 in school B, can you
conclude that there is a significant difference
between the average scores in the standardized
mathematics test for the two schools?
There is a significant difference between the true average
scores in the standardized mathematics test of school A and B
since 73 is not contained in the 95% confidence interval.
Moreover, you can conclude that school A has significantly
higher average score in this mathematics test than school B.
 Example 1:
•
Example 2:
A car company wants to estimate
the miles-per-gallon rate of their new
car model. It was known through
experience that similar models have
standard deviation of 4.5 miles-per-
gallon. A random sample of 100 units
of the new model showed a mean of 32
miles-per-gallon. Construct a 97%
confidence interval for the population
mean miles-per-gallon rate of the new
car model.
 •

A car company wants to estimate the miles-per-gallon rate of their new car
model. It was known through experience that similar models have standard
deviation of 4.5 miles-per-gallon. A random sample of 100 units of the new
model showed a mean of 32 miles-per-gallon. Construct a 97% confidence
interval for the population mean miles-per-gallon rate of the new car model.
Sample Size Determination
•
Determining the minimum sample size needed when
estimating the population mean and population
proportion.
• Estimating population mean

• Estimating population proportion

or (
Where :
E= margin of error
n= sample size
and are sample proportions
Example 3
•
Solution:
•
Estimating Population Proportion
Activity 1 : Dengvaxia Issue
• On a typical morning, Anthony Taberna asks his
TV viewers if they believe or do not believe that
Former President Aquino has the liability for the
release of Dengvaxia from a perceived
adversary. At the end of his show, he reported
that 73% of the respondents believe that Aquino
has something to do with the issue.

What does this report mean to you?

What do you understand by the expression 73%?
•The percentage expression 73% is also
called a proportion.
• Percentages are preferred when
reporting frequencies of subsets of a
population. But in computing
percentages are first converted to
proportions in decimal form.
Proportions also represent probabilities.
•So, the probability that all TV viewers
favor the said issue is 0.73.
 Proportion
is fractional expression where the
favourable response is in the numerator
and the total number of respondents in
the denominator.
The basic operation involves division.
Thus the result is a decimal value that
can be expressed as percent.
 Estimating population proportion
• In Statistics, population proportion, generally
denoted by P is a parameter that describes a
percentage value associated with a population.

• For example, the 2010 United States census

showed that 83.7% of the American population
was identified as not being Hispanic or Latino.

• The value of 0.837 is a population proportion.

 Point estimate for population
proportion
and
• Where n= no. of observations in a simple random
sample
• x= no. of sample elements that possessed desired
characteristics

•
 Estimate of population proportion
• Examples
• 1. In an island 72% of the population can swim.
This means that 72 out of every 100 can swim.
As a fraction, this is expressed as 72/100 or
0.72 where 72 is the favorable response can
swim.
• 2. In a job satisfaction survey in a certain mall,
700 employees were asked if they were
satisfied with their jobs. There were 518 who
responded with a YES. What proportion is this?
What proportion responded with a NO?
•3. In a survey of 300 individuals,
128 like to watch movies on the big
screen.
Estimate the true population
proportion p and q where p is the
proportion of those who like to
watch movies on the big screen
based on the sample.
Estimating the Confidence interval for
population proportion

• Where p= population proportions

• n= no. of observations in a simple random sample
• and are sample proportions
 Ex. 1 trust the president

•A survey of 1200 citizens

showed that 715 trust the
president. Compute a 95%
confidence interval for the
proportion of all citizens who
 Ex. 1 trust the president
•A survey of 1200 citizens
showed that 715 trust the
president. Compute a 95%
confidence interval for the
proportion of all citizens who
trust the president.
57 . 3 % <𝑝 <62 . 7 %
• Ex. Detergent X
• 2. Mary wants to know, with 90%
confidence, the proportion of
households who like to use detergent
X. A previous survey showed that
42% like to used detergent X. Mary
wants to be accurate within 2% of
the true proportion. What sample size
does Mary need?
1 , 648
Check Point #1
Check Point#2. Practice Makes Perfect!
Directions: Answer what is asked in each set of exercises on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. As a future researcher, construct a 95% confidence interval
for an experiment that found the sample mean temperature of
35C in Pangasinan last August, with a population standard
deviation of 1.2. There were 50 samples in this experiment.
- z () < μ < + z ()
35- 1.960 () < μ < 35 + 1.960 ()
34.667 < μ < 35.333 Answer
Check Point#2. Practice Makes Perfect!
Directions: Answer what is asked in each set of exercises on
a separate sheet of paper.
2. During the summer of 2020, a
sample of 20 randomly selected
watermelons was taken from a
large population in Anda, and their
weights were measured by a local
farmer named, Mang Juan. The - t () < μ < + t ()
mean weight of the sample was 8 8- 3.174 () < μ < 8 + 3.174
kg. and the standard deviation was
3.5 kg. ()
• (A) Calculate (correct to one 5.516 < μ < 10.484
decimal place) 99.5% confidence Answer
limits for the mean weight of the
whole population of watermelons.
Check Point#2. Practice Makes Perfect!
Directions: Answer what is asked in each set of exercises on
a separate sheet of paper.
2. During the summer of 2020, a
sample of 20 randomly selected
watermelons was taken from a
large population in Anda, and their
weights were measured by a local
farmer named, Mang Juan. The - t () < μ < + t ()
mean weight of the sample was 8 8- 3.883 () < μ < 8 + 3.883
kg. and the standard deviation was
3.5 kg. ()
• B) Calculate (correct to one 4.961 < μ < 11.039
decimal place) 99.99% confidence Answer
limits for the mean weight of the
whole population of watermelons
Check Point#2. Practice Makes Perfect!
Directions: Answer what is asked in each set of exercises
on a separate sheet of paper.

deviation of 𝜎 = 𝑃850. The average hourly wages has to be

3. The hourly wage at Bago-Ling Industry has a standard

estimated within P150 from the true value of 𝜇, with a 95

percent confidence. What would be the sample size needed?
Check Point#2. Practice Makes Perfect!
Directions: Answer what is asked in each set of exercises on
a separate sheet of paper.
4. In a survey of 458 random households, people take pride in
discussing their methods of environmental protection. 236
manage their trash by separating biodegradables from non-
biodegradables. Biodegradables are converted into fertilizers
while non-biodegradables are disposed properly. Use a 95%
confidence to estimate the proportion of all households who have
good practices of trash management.

47. 9 %< 𝑝<56.2 %

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
HYPOTHESIS TESTING

• Educated guess/Intelligence Guess

• Is also called significance testing

• Tests a claim about a parameter using

evidence
• (data in a sample)
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Is a decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a population
based on the characteristics of a
sample purportedly coming from that
population.

The decision is whether the

characteristics is acceptable or
not.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Hypothesis testing is formulated in terms of two
hypotheses:

H0: the null hypothesis

Ha: the alternate hypothesis

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Hypothesis testing is formulated in terms of two hypotheses:

• H0: the null hypothesis;

-is introduced using the following phrases:
No significant difference/dependence/
relationship and other statistical term
In relating variable.

It makes used of equality sign (=)

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Hypothesis testing is formulated in terms of two
hypotheses:

• Ha: the alternate hypothesis

-Negation of the null hypothesis

-sometimes referred to as the
Research hypothesis.
 Review
• It is a claim that denotes • It is a claim that denotes
“absence” such as “presence” such as

Absence of difference, Presence of difference,

absence of relationship, presence of relationship, or
or equality to a certain inequality to a certain
values and the like. values and the like.

Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis

 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Example #1
A social worker wants to test (at α = 0.05)
whether the average body mass index
(BMI) of the pupils under feeding program
is different from 18.2 kg

a. State the null and alternative

hypothesis in words
b. State the null and alternative
hypothesis in symbols
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Example #1
A social worker wants to test (at α = 0.05)
whether the average body mass index (BMI)
of the pupils under feeding program is
different from 18.2 kg
a. State the null and alternative hypothesis in
words
Ho: The average BMI of the pupils under
feeding program is not different from
18.2 kg.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Example #1
A social worker wants to test (at α =
0.05) whether the average body mass
index (BMI) of the pupils under feeding
program is different from 18.2 kg
a. State the null and alternative
hypothesis in words
Ho: µ=18.2

Ha: µ≠18.2
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Example #2
A DTI representative wants to test at 99%
confidence level whether the average
content of soda X is less than 330 ml as
indicated in the label.

a. State the null and alternative

hypothesis in words
b. State the null and alternative
hypothesis in symbols
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Example #2
A DTI representative wants to test at 99%
confidence level whether the average
content of soda X is less than 330 ml as
indicated in the label.
a. State the null and alternative hypothesis
in words
Ho: The average content of soda X is
greater than or equal to 330ml
Ha: The average content of soda X is
less than 330ml.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Example #2
A DTI representative wants to test at 99%
confidence level whether the average
content of soda X is less than 330 ml as
indicated in the label.
a. State the null and alternative hypothesis
in words
Ho: µ≥330

Ha: µ<330
TYPE OF ERROR
 TYPE OF ERROR

• Type I Error – when the null

hypothesis is rejected wherein it
is the true solution to the
problem.

• Type II Error – When the

alternative hypothesis is
rejected wherein it is the true
solution to the problem.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING

1. State the null hypothesis

(Ho) and the corresponding
alternative hypothesis (Ha).
2. Identify the level of
significance α and the
appropriate test statistics (Critical
Value)
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
3. Computation

4. Decision
( Reject or not to reject Ho)

5. Conclusion ( in non-
technical terms)
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Step 1

1. State the null hypothesis

(Ho) and the corresponding
alternative hypothesis (Ha).
A consumer wants to know if Brand A is more
effective in washing dishes than Brand B.

1. What is the null hypothesis (Ho) for this

test?

A. Ho : Brand A is as effective as Brand B.

B. Ho : Brand A is less effective than

Brand B.

C. Ho : Brand A is closely effective than

A consumer wants to know if Brand A is more
effective in washing dishes than Brand B.

1. What is the Alternative hypothesis

(Ha) for this test?

A. Ha : Brand A is as effective Brand B.

B. Ha : Brand A is as effective as Brand B.

C. Ha : Brand A is closely effective than

Brand B.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Steps :
2. Identify the level of
significance α and the
appropriate test statistics

*The significance level is the criterion

used for rejecting the null hypothesis.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING

3 Popularly used levels of

significance:

10%
5%
1%
 Level of Significance

The level of
significance is affected
by the choice of
alternative.
 Level of Significance
Ha:
Makes use of <, > - One-
Tailed

Makes use of ≠ - Two- Tailed

( Level of Significance is
divided by 2)
 Critical Value of Z

Level of One- tailed Two- tailed

Significance Test Test
10% 90 1.28 1.645
%
5% 95 1.645 1.96
%
1% 99 2.33 2.58
%
 Statistic Test

Steps

3. Computation

mean ( σ is known)
a. Sample mean compared with population

b. Comparing two independent sample

c. Comparing one sample proportions
d. Comparing two sample proportions
 Statistic Test

Z- TEST ( n ≥ 30)

T- TEST ( n < 30)

 Statistic Test

Z- TEST ( n ≥ 30)
x  0
zstat 
/ n
 Statistic Test
T- TEST ( n < 30)

x  0
tstat 
s/ n
 STEP 4

Steps

4. Decision ( Reject or Not to

reject Ho)
 STEP 4

If the Computed ≥ critical

REJECT Ho

If the Computed < critical

DO NOT REJECT Ho
 STEP 5

Conclusion :
There is significance
/
There is No significance
Difference
Example 1
1. A printer manufacturing
company claims that its new ink-
efficient printer can print an
average of 1500 pages of word
documents with standard
deviation of 60. Thirty- five (35) of
these printer showed a mean of
1475 pages. Does this support the
company’s claim ?. Use the 95%
confidence level
Example 2
A certain drugstore recorded their
sales for 8 months on a particular
brand of food supplement and found
that their average sale is 28 boxes with
1.8 standard deviation. The drugstore
claims of the drugstore against the
alternative hypothesis that the average
sale is not equal to 30 boxes at 5%
level significance. Assumes that the
sales every month is normally
distributed
Example 2
Conclusion:

There is insufficient evidences

to support the company’s claim
that the average sales is equal
to 30 boxes.
Math Relay
Hypothesis Testing
 1. Ho: µ = 8
Ha: µ ≠ 8
2. α= 0.05 , CL = 95%
Statistical Test, since n =58, Z-test
Critical Value : 1.96
3.
Z = = == -3.05
4.
Decision : Reject Ho, Accept Ha

Conclusion : There is insufficient

5.

evidences to support the company’s

claim.
 1. Ho: µ = 500
Ha: µ ≠ 500
2. α= 0.01 , CL = 99% df= n-1 , 10-1 =9
Statistical Test, since n =10, T-test
Critical Value : 3.250
3.
T = = == -15.81
4.
Decision : Reject H0, Accept Ha

Conclusion : There is insufficient

5.

evidences to support the company’s

claim.
One-Tailed Test
Checkpoint ! ½ Cw
Review for 5 minutes

Coverage :
• Stating Null and Alternative Hypothesis (words &
symbols)
• Based on the given Zcomputed/Tcomputed and Critical
Value – Reject or Do not Reject Ho.
• Type of Errors
 Reject Ho /Do not Reject Ho
1.zcomputed =1.82
Do not
Zcritcal = 1.96 Reject

Reject
2.Zcomputed =2.54
Zcritcal = 2.33

Reject
3.tcomputed =2.02
tcritcal = Do not
1.771Reject
 5-8. A college dean claims that a bachelor’s
degree could be earned in an average of five
years. Test the claim using 95% confidence level.
State the null and Alternative Hypothesis.
a. In words
b. In Symbols

Ho: A college dean claims that a bachelor’s degree could

not be earned in an average of five years µ=5

Ha: A college dean claims that a bachelor’s degree could

be earned in an average of five years µ≠5
9-10. At the Chrysler manufacturing
plant, there is a part that is
supposed to weigh precisely 19
pounds. The engineers take a
sample of parts and want to know if
they meet the weight specifications.
Ho: µ = 19
What are our null and alternative
hypotheses
Ha: µ ≠ 19 in symbols?
11-12. Duracell manufactures
batteries that the CEO claims will
last an average of 300 hours under
normal use. A researcher randomly
selected 20 batteries from the
production line and tested these
batteries. The tested batteries had a
mean life span
Ho: µ = 300 of 270 hours with
Ha: µ a
standard deviation of 50 hours. Do
≠ 300
13-14. Fill in the types of error
missing from the table below
Decision Null Null
Made Hypothesis Hypothesis
is True is False
Type I
Reject Null (13)________
error (correct
Hypothesis α decision)
Do not (correct Type II
(14)_____
Reject Null decision) error
Hypothesis
ᵦ
15. How are we going
to determine if the test
is a one-tailed or two-
tailed test?
 Level of Significance
Ha:
Makes use of <, > - One-
Tailed

Makes use of ≠ - Two- Tailed

( Level of Significance is
divided by 2)
More Examples
* One- Tailed test
One-Tailed Test
 Example 4
In a research survey, a
researcher claimed that
the average life
expectancy of the people
in a certain country is less
than 72 years. Is his claim
correct if a random sample
of 25 deaths from this
country showed a mean of
71.2 years with standard
 1. Ho: µ ≥ 72
Ha: µ < 72
2. α= 0.01 , CL = 99% df= n-1 , 25-1 =24
Statistical Test, since n =25, T-test
Critical Value : 2.492( left-tailed)
3.
Z = = == -3.33
4.
Decision : Reject H0, Accept Ha
Conclusion : There is sufficient
5.

evidences to support the research

survey that the average life
expectancy of the people in a certain
 Example 5
The school nurse thinks the
average height of 7th graders
has increased. The average
height of a 7th grader five years
ago was 145 cm with a standard
deviation of 20 cm. She takes a
random sample of 200 students
and finds that the average
height of her sample is 147 cm.
Are 7th graders now taller than
they were before? Conduct a
 1. Ho: µ = 145
Ha: µ > 145
2. α= 0.05 , CL = 95%
Statistical Test, since n =200, Z-test
Critical Value : 1.64 ( Right tailed)
3.
Z = = == 1.41
4.
Decision :Accept Ho, Reject Ha

Conclusion : There is insufficient

5.

evidences to support the claim that

the 7th grade has increased.
 Example 6 Practice
A Teacher want to test his
claim that the average exam
performance of freshmen in
statistics is 65 if a random
sample of 56 students yielded
an average of 62 with 8
standard deviation in an
exam in statistics. Is the
claim of the teacher, that the
performance is 65 not less,
 1. Ho: µ = 65 or µ ≥ 65
Ha: µ < 65
2. α= 0.05 , CL = 95%
Statistical Test, since n =56, Z-test
Critical Value : 1.64 (left-tailed)
3.
Z = = == -2.81
4.
Decision : Reject Ho, Accept Ha
Conclusion : There is insufficient
5.

evidences to support the teachers’

claim that the average exam
performance of freshmen is not less
 Example 7 Practice
A telecommunications
company noticed that 50 of
its subscriber in a certain
company send 90 texts a day
on the average with 7 as
standard deviation. The
company believes that this is
way below their assumed
average of 105 text a day.
Test claim the company at 1%
 1. Ho: µ ≥ 105
Ha: µ < 105
2. α= 0.01 , CL = 99%
Statistical Test, since n =50, Z-test
Critical Value : -2.33 (left-tailed)
3.
Z = = == --15.15
4.
Decision : Reject Ho, Accept Ha

Conclusion : There is insufficient

5.

evidences to support the company's

claim that the average text a day is
105.
•Critical Values
•Critical Regions
• Critical values are values separating the
values that support or reject the null
hypothesis.

• Critical regions are the areas under the

distribution curve representing values that
support the null hypothesis.
• 1. What would be the critical value
for a left-tailed test with α = 0.01?
• 2. What would be the critical region
for a two-tailed test with α = 0.08?
• 3. What would be the α for a right-
tailed test with a critical value of Z
= 1.76?
1. What would be the critical value for a left-
tailed test with α = 0.01?
• Solutions 1. A left-tailed test with α =
0.01 would have 99% of the area under
the curve outside of the critical region.
If we use a reference to find the Z-score
for 0.99, we get approximately 2.33.
However, a Z-score of 2.33 is
significantly to the right of the center of
the distribution, including all the area to
the left and only leaving a very small
alpha value on the right. While we are
indeed looking for a critical value with
only a very small alpha, this is a left-
2. What would be the critical region for a two-tailed test with
• We are looking for the critical region
α = 0.08?
here, but let’s start by finding the
critical values. This is a two-tailed test,
so half of the alpha will be in the left
tail, and half in the right. That means
that we are looking for a
positive/negative critical value
associated with an alpha of 0.04, which
indicates that we need to find the 257
12.2. Critical Values www.ck12.org Z-
score for (1−0.04) = 0.96. Referring to
the Z-score table, we see that 0.96
 • The area under the curve associated
with
3. What
1.76?
woulda Z-score
be the of
α for a right-tailed 1.76,
test according
with a critical value of Z = to the
reference table above, is 0.9608. Since
96.08% of the area is to the left of Z =
1.76, that leaves approximately
1−0.9608 = 0.0392 as the area in the
critical region. The solution is alpha =
0.0392.
 Review (SET B)
In a research survey, a
researcher claimed that
the average life
expectancy of the people
in a certain country is 72
years. Is his claim correct
if a random sample of 20
deaths from this country
showed a mean of 71.2
years with standard
Example 3 – 1 whole (By
Group)
The mean and standard
deviation in the achievement
test score in Statistics among 50
freshmen are 82.4 and 5.7
respectively. Test the hypothesis
that µ =84 against the
alternative that µ ≠84 at 1%
significance level.