Chemical

Bonding

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Outline
:
9.1 Lewis dot symbols
9.2 The Ionic Bond
9.3 The Covalent Bond
9.4 Electronegativity
9.5 Writing Lewis Structures
9.6 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure

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1- Lewis dot symbols
 When atoms interact to form a chemical bond, only
their outer regions are in contact.

A Lewis dot symbol consists of the symbol of an element

and one dot for each valence electron in an atom of the
element.

• Li is a Group 1A element and has one dot for one valence

electron.
• Be, a Group 2A element, has two valence electrons (two
dots); and so on. Elements in the same group have
similar outer electron configurations and hence similar
Lewis dot symbols.
• Transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides all we
cannot write simple Lewis dot symbols for them. 3
Octet rule, formulated by Lewis:
An atom other than hydrogen tends to form bonds
until it is surrounded by eight valence electrons.

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5
Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an
atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that
particpate in chemical bonding.
Group e- configuration # of valence e-
1A ns1 1
2A ns2 2
3A ns2np1 3
4A ns2np2 4
5A ns2np3 5
6A ns2np4 6
7A ns2np5 7
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Lewis Dot Symbols for the Representative Elements &
Noble Gases

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9.2 The Ionic Bond
Ionic bond is the electrostatic force that holds ions together in an
ionic compound.
(Metal with low electronegativity + nonmetal with high electronegativity)
(Cation + anion)
Example:

Li + F Li+ F -
1s22s1 1s22s22p5 1s2 1s22s22p6
[He] [Ne]

Li Li+ + e-
-
e + F F -

Li+ + F - Li+ F -
8
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 9.2 The Ionic Bond
Example (2):

formation of ionic bonds. For instance, calcium burns in oxygen to form

calcium oxide

2Ca (s) + O2 (g) 2CaO (s)

there is a transfer of two electrons from the calcium atom to the oxygen
atom.
Ca 2+ has the argon electron configuration, the oxide ion (O2-) is
isoelectronic with neon, and the compound (CaO) is electrically neutral. In
many cases, the cation and the anion in a compound do not carry the same
charge
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9.2 The Ionic Bond
Example (3):

Example (4):

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9.2 The Ionic Bond

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9.3 The Covalent Bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more electrons are
shared by two atoms.
(nonmetal with high electronegativity + nonmetal with high
electronegativity)
Why should two atoms share electrons?

F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-

Lewis structure of F2

single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs

single covalent bond

lone pairs F F lone pairs 12
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 Lewis structure of F2

single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs

single covalent bond

lone pairs F F lone pairs

lone pairs: pairs of valence electrons that are not involved in

covalent bond formation.

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Octet rule, formulated by Lewis:
An atom other than hydrogen tends to form bonds until it is
surrounded by eight valence electrons.
The requirement for hydrogen is that it attain the electron
configuration of helium, or a total of two electrons. The octet rule
works mainly for elements in the second period of the periodic
table. These elements have only 2s and 2p subshells, which can
hold a total of eight electrons. When an atom of one of these
elements forms a covalent compound, it can attain the noble gas
electron configuration [Ne] by sharing electrons with other atoms
in the same compound.

A Lewis structure: is a representation of covalent bonding in which shared

electron pairs are shown either as lines or as pairs of dots between two atoms,
and lone pairs are shown as pairs of dots on individual atoms.
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Types of covalent bonds:
Single bond – two atoms share one pairs of electrons
single covalent bonds

H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e-8e-2e-
Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons

O C O or O C O
8e- 8e- 8e- double bonds
double bonds
Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons

N N or N N
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8e-8e-
triple bond triple bond
9.4 Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself
the electrons in a chemical bond.

High electronegativity →pick up electron easily

X (g) + e- X-(g)

Electronegativity - relative, F is highest

Elements with high electronegativity

have a greater tendency to attract
electrons than do elements with low
electronegativity.

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Polar covalent bond or polar bond is a covalent bond
with greater electron density around one of the two
atoms

electron rich
electron poor
region
region e- poor e- rich

H F H F
+ -

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 The Electronegativities of Common Elements

• Nonmetals have high electronegativity; metals have low

electronegativity.
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 Summary of Chemical Bond

Ionic bond Covalent bond

Metal + Non-metal Non-metal + Non-metal

Non-metal + Metalloid

Non-polar Polar Covalent

covalent

Electronegativity difference
or greater 2 0 and <2 ≤ 0

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 9.5 Writing Lewis Structures

Writing Lewis Structures

1. Draw skeletal structure of compound showing

what atoms are bonded to each other. Put least
electronegative element in the center.
(Hydrogen and fluoride atoms usually occupy the
terminal position in Lewis structure.)

2. Count total number of valence e-. Add 1 for each

negative charge. Subtract 1 for each positive
charge. 20
 9.5 Writing Lewis Structures
Writing Lewis Structures
3. Draw a single covalent bond between the central atom and
each of the surrounding atoms. Complete the octets of the
atoms bonded to the central atom (Complete an octet for all
atoms except hydrogen).

4. If the central atom has fewer than eight electrons, try

adding double or triple bonds between the surrounding atoms
and the central atom, using lone pairs from the surrounding
atoms to complete the octet of the central atom.

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Write the Lewis structure of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
Step 1 – N is less electronegative than F, put N in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons N - 5 (2s22p3) and F - 7 (2s22p5)
5 + (3 x 7) = 26 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between N and F atoms and complete
octets on N and F atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?

3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons

F N F

F
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 ‫الخطوات لرسم تركيب لويس‪:‬‬

‫‪.1‬نحدد الذرة األقل كهروسالبية وهي تكون الذرة المركزية‬

‫‪.2‬نحدد الكترونات التكافؤ لكل ذرة من خالل التوزيع اللكتروني‬
‫‪.3‬نجمع الكترونات التكافؤ الموجودة بالمستوى األخير والتي تعبر عن رقم المجموعه‬
‫لكل ذرة‬
‫‪ .4‬نربط الذرات األعلى كهروسالبة بالذرة المركزية بروابط تساهمية‬
‫‪.5‬عدد االلكترونات المتبقيه نوزعها حول الذرات على هيئة ازواج الكترونية لتحصل كل‬
‫ذرة على التركيب الثماني‬
‫‪.6‬اذا انتهت االلكترونات ولم تكتمل الذرات بالتركيب الثماني نكملها بروابط مضاعفه‬
‫عن طريق المشاركة مع الذرات المجاورة‬
‫‪Exercise:‬‬
‫‪Write the Lewis structure for‬‬
‫?)‪carbon disulfide (CS2‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32-).
Step 1 – C is less electronegative than O, put C in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons C - 4 (2s22p2) and O - 6 (2s22p4)
-2 charge – 2e-
4 + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between C and O atoms and complete
octet on C and O atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?
3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons
Step 5 - Too many electrons, form double bond and re-check # of e -

2 single bonds (2x2) = 4

1 double bond = 4
O C O 8 lone pairs (8x2) = 16
Total = 24
O 24
Exercises:
1- Write the Lewis structure for carbon disulfide (CS2)?

Exercise:
2- Write the Lewis structure for the nitrite ion
(NO2-)?

3- Write the Lewis structure for (OF2)?

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3- Formal Charge and Lewis
Structure
Formal charges show how the charge
distributed in a molecule

An atom’s formal charge is the difference between the

number of valence electrons in an isolated atom and the
number of electrons assigned to that atom in a Lewis
structure.

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9.6 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure

formal charge total number

total number Total number
on an atom in of valence
a Lewis
=
electrons in -
of nonbonding - of bonding
electrons electrons
structure the free atom

The sum of the formal charges of the atoms in a molecule

or ion must equal the charge on the molecule or ion.

For molecules , the sum of the charges should be zero

For anions , the sum of the charges should be -ve
For cations, the sum of the charges should be +ve

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Write lewis structure and formal charge of O3

Total Valance electron of O3 = 6x3=18

1- we draw the skeletal structure of O3 and then add bonds and electrons to satisfy
the octet rule for the two end atoms:

O O O

1- the octet rule is not satisfied for the central atom. To remedy this, we convert a
lone pair on one of the end atoms to a second bond between that end atom and
the central atom

O O O

The sum of the formal

charges of the atoms
in a molecule or ion
must equal the
O O O charge on the
molecule or ion.
2- the sum of the charges must add up to zero because molecules are electrically
neutral species. -1 +1 = 0 28
 -1 +1 C – 4 e- 2 single bonds (2x2) = 4
H C O H O – 6 e- 1 double bond = 4
2H – 2x1 e- 2 lone pairs (2x2) = 4
12 e- Total = 12

formal charge total number

total number Total number
on an atom in of valence
a Lewis
=
electrons in -
of nonbonding - of bonding
electrons electrons
structure the free atom

formal charge
on C
= 4 -2 - 3 = -1
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formal charge
on O
= 6 -2 - 3= +1
 H 0 0 C – 4 e- 2 single bonds (2x2) = 4
C O O – 6 e- 1 double bond = 4
H 2H – 2x1 e- 2 lone pairs (2x2) = 4
12 e- Total = 12

formal charge total number

total number Total number
on an atom in of valence
a Lewis
=
electrons in - of nonbonding - of bonding
electrons electrons
structure the free atom

formal charge
on C
= 4 - 0 -4 = 0

formal charge
on O
= 6 -4 - 2 = 0

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 Formal Charge and Lewis Structures
If there is more than one possible structure for a
molecule
Formal charges help to decide which structure is the correct one, by
applying the following:
1. For neutral molecules, a Lewis structure in which there are no formal
charges is more favorite to one in which formal charges are present.
2. Lewis structures with large formal charges are less plausible than
those with small formal charges.
3. Among Lewis structures having similar distributions of formal charges,
the most plausible structure is the one in which negative formal
charges are placed on the more electronegative atoms .

Which is the most likely Lewis structure for CH2O?

-1 +1 H 0 0
H C O H C O
H 31
Example:

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 Example :
At high temperatures aluminum iodide (Al2I6) dissociates into AlI3 molecules.
Draw the Lewis structure for AlI3.?
The outer-shell electron configurations for Al = 3s 2 3p1 and I= 5s 2 5p5 ,
Total number of valence electrons is 3 + 3 x 7= 24

there are no formal charges on the Al and I atoms.

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Example 2 : Draw the Lewis structure for phosphorus pentafluoride (PF5), in which
all five F atoms are bonded to the central P atom?.

The outer-shell electron configurations for P =3s 2 3p3 and F = 2s 2 2p5 ,

the total number of valence electrons is 5 + (5 x 7)=40,

Phosphorus, like sulfur, is a third-period element, and therefore it can have an

expanded octet. The Lewis structure of PF5 is

there are no formal charges on the P and F atoms

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Example3: Draw a Lewis structure for the sulfate ion (SO 42- ) in
which all four O atoms are bonded to the central S atom?.

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 Formula charge :(-1)+(-1)+(+2)+(-1)+(-1)=-2

Note that we can eliminate some of the formal charges for SO 42- by expanding the S
atom’s octet as follows:
O

O S O

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Example Draw a Lewis structure of the noble gas compound
xenon tetrafluoride (XeF4) in which all F atoms are bonded to the
central Xe atom.?
The outer-shell electron configurations of Xe =5s 2 5p6 and F= 2s 2
2p5 ,
total number of valence electrons is 8 + (4 X 7)=36
F F
Xe
F F

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