Various Potential
Earthquake Hazards
(Identify various potential
earthquake hazards.)
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, a number of earthquakes
occurred, not just in the Philippines but in the other
countries. These earthquakes are very dangerous
that it can take thousands of lives and destroy
numerous infrastructures. As we know, this kind of
calamity is unpredictable and as a member of a
An earthquake is a natural
phenomenon causing Earth's
surface to vibrate due to sudden
energy release from plate
movements, typically along faults.
The focus is the starting point, and
seismic waves are created from it.
Primary hazards during earthquakes
include ground shaking, rupture,
liquefaction, and landslides, while
secondary hazards include
secondary effects such as ground or
surface rupture, liquefaction, and
landslides.
Ground shaking refers to the
Ground
vibration of the ground during an
Shaking earthquake, which can be a hazard
or trigger for other hazards like
landslides or tsunamis. Factors
affecting ground shaking intensity
include earthquake magnitude,
distance from epicenter, and local
geological conditions.
Ground or Surface Ground rupture occurs on fault
Rupture zones, causing structures to
collapse. Surface rupture, a variable
width zone, results in deformation
zones. To avoid risks, avoid building
above or near fault lines and use a
5 meter buffer zone from the
deformation zone edge.
The 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake in
Taiwan lifted an upper stream to
heights of 5-6 meters, creating a
new waterfall. The 2013 Bohol
Earthquake lifted a land mass, part
of the North Bohol Fault.
Earthquake Induced Landslides are ground movements like
Landslide rock fall and debris flow, triggered by
strong earthquakes and ground shaking.
They are more likely in areas
susceptible to ground failure. Gravity
acting on steep slopes is the primary
cause, but other factors include erosion,
heavy rains, excess weight, and
stockpiling of rocks or ore.
Liquefaction Liquefaction occurs when sand, soil, and
groundwater mix during an earthquake,
causing the ground to become soft and
similar to quicksand. This can cause
buildings to lean, tip over, or sink. Areas
with sandy soil and groundwater are
more susceptible. Liquefaction has
caused significant damage in historical
earthquakes worldwide.
Liquefaction Liquefaction occurs when sand, soil, and
groundwater mix during an earthquake,
causing the ground to become soft and
similar to quicksand. This can cause
buildings to lean, tip over, or sink. Areas
with sandy soil and groundwater are
more susceptible. Liquefaction has
caused significant damage in historical
earthquakes worldwide.
Secondary earthquake hazards are results of
the primary hazards, which are to be more
disastrous. Secondary hazards include the
following:
1. Tsunami
2. Seiche
[Link]
[Link]
Presentation by Alexander Aronowitz | Business Marketing | 2024 | Rimberio University
Tsunami
Tsunamis, caused by earthquakes
beneath the ocean, are massive waves
that can cause significant destruction
when they reach land, reaching heights
of tens of feet and causing massive
coastal damage.
Tsunamis can be locally-generated,
Tsunami caused by nearby earthquakes, and far-
fieldsp, generated by distant
earthquakes. Locally-generated
tsunamis, like the 1976 Moro Gulf
Earthquake and 1994 Mindoro
Earthquake, have a shorter time to
arrive, while far-field tsunamis take
hours.
Seiche are standing waves
Seiche created in closed bodies of
water due to strong wind or
earthquake, with a to-and-fro
motion. They travel the entire
length of the water and are
reflected back.
When tsunami hits the land,
Flooding the water that remains can
flood the coastal areas. When
an earthquake breaks a dam,
the water that flows out can
cause severe flooding on
low-lying areas.
An earthquake can lead to
Fire fires due to tipped off candles,
leaky gas lines, and broken
wires. The situation can
worsen if the source of water
or firefighting equipment is
blocked.
THANK YOU
